A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide

Chauhan, Ravendra P.; Gordon, Michelle

doi:10.3390/pathogens9050355

Cited by 37 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 332 publications

(632 reference statements)

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“…The diversity of swine influenza strains in Russia remains largely unexplored (Chauhan and Gordon, 2020) due to an absence of well-establish surveillance. These conditions make this study of influenza viruses circulating in the population of pigs in the European region of the country highly relevant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Swine Influenza Viruses Identified in the European Region of Russia, 2014–2020

et al. 2021

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Pigs have long been recognized as “mixing vessels” in which new viruses are formed by reassortment involving various influenza virus lineages (avian, animal, human). However, surveillance of swine influenza viruses only gained real significance after the 2009 pandemic. A fundamentally important point is the fact that there is still no regular surveillance of swine flu in Russia, and the role of swine viruses is underestimated since, as a rule, they do not cause serious disease in animals. Since the pig population in Russia is large, it is obvious that the lack of monitoring and insufficient study of swine influenza evolution constitutes a gap in animal influenza surveillance, not only for Russia, but globally. A 6 year joint effort enabled identification of SIV subtypes that circulate in the pig population of Russia’s European geographic region. The swine influenza viruses isolated were antigenically and genetically diverse. Some were similar to human influenza viruses of A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) subtype, while others were reassortant A(H1pdm09N2) and A(H1avN2) and were antigenically distinct from human H1N1 and H1N1pdm09 strains. Analysis of swine serum samples collected throughout the seasons showed that the number of sera positive for influenza viruses has increased in recent years. This indicates that swine populations are highly susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses. It also stresses the need for regular SIV surveillance, monitoring of viral evolution, and strengthening of pandemic preparedness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of these new reassortant strains cause sporadic illness in humans. Given the proven pandemic potential of swine influenza viruses, global implementation of regular surveillance for these pathogens is crucially needed, especially in regions featuring dense pig populations (Chauhan and Gordon, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Swine Influenza Viruses Identified in the European Region of Russia, 2014–2020

et al. 2021

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“…In a recent systematic review, we reported the prevalence of multiple AIV subtypes in swine populations [7] which warranted further investigation into the transmission dynamics and possible spillover events of these viruses. In the present study, we used phylogenetic analysis followed by N-linked glycosylation and PCA analyses to unravel the events of avian to swine transmission of various AIV subtypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally

Chauhan

Gordon

2021

Virus Genes

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Genome sequences of eleven avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes have been reported in swine populations from seven countries until August 2020. To unravel the transmission dynamics and spillover events of AIVs from avian reservoirs to swine, full-length hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of AIV subtypes (n = 11) reported from various avian species and swine were retrieved from the 'Influenza Research Database'. Phylogenetic analysis identified closely related avian and swine AIV sequences suggesting potential spillover events from multiple domestic and wild avian species, including chicken, duck, pigeon, goose, quail, and aquatic birds to swine. Furthermore, N-linked glycosylation analysis of these closely related AIV sequences supported the possibility of multiple spillover events of highly pathogenic H5N1 and low pathogenic H9N2 viruses from various avian species to swine. The principal coordinate analysis further validated these findings for H5N1 and H9N2 viruses; however, spillover events of the other nine AIV subtypes were limited. Interestingly, the presence of potential mammalian adaptation markers, particularly in some of the swine H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 viruses, suggested that these viruses may have already adapted in swine. The occurrence and circulation of these AIVs in swine, especially the H5N1 and H9N2 viruses with numerous spillover events from the avian reservoirs to swine, pose a significant threat in terms of their reassortment with endemic swine viruses or circulating human influenza viruses within the swine which may facilitate the emergence of a novel influenza virus strain with pandemic potential.

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“…Large parts of the global antibiotics application is in meat production and not for treating humans. While origins of influenza and the Spanish flue have been linked to the mass production of pork in the USA (García‐Sastre and Whitley, 2006; Chauhan and Gordon, 2020), the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Bovine Spongiforme Enzephalopathie desease (BSE) have been linked to non-natural beef feed and unnaturally high animal density (Smith and Bradley, 2003).…”

Section: Past: Origins Of Epidemics Like Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainability learnings from the COVID-19 crisis. Opportunities for resilient industry and business development

Schaltegger

2020

SAMPJ

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify sustainability learnings from origins of epidemics such as COVID-19 and deduct conclusions for businesses to create sustainable futures in three industries, which are strongly affected by Covid-19. Two main questions guide the discussion: How can we break the paths of viral epidemics through accounting for sustainability issues in the supply chain? How can we learn from sustainable supply chain failures to transform industries for sustainable futures? Design/methodology/approach This viewpoint provides a conceptual discussion of opportunities and the necessity to develop resilient businesses for three indsutries, which have been particularly affected by the Covid-19 crises. Findings To defeat future pandemics, three paths how epidemics develop need to be broken in order to create sustainable development structural transitions beyond degrowth are needed. Practical implications The practical implications for this paper are the learnings for management to develop more resilient businesses. Social implications By breaking the three paths of pandemic development and by contributing to sustainable futures of sectors, the likelihood of future pandemics can be reduced. Originality/value By considering origins and the past of pandemics and with sustainability transformations of businesses, contributions can be made for more sustainable futures of industries.

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A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide

Cited by 37 publications

References 332 publications

Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Swine Influenza Viruses Identified in the European Region of Russia, 2014–2020

Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Swine Influenza Viruses Identified in the European Region of Russia, 2014–2020

Deciphering transmission dynamics and spillover of avian influenza viruses from avian species to swine populations globally

Sustainability learnings from the COVID-19 crisis. Opportunities for resilient industry and business development

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