Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Isolated from Whooper Swans, Japan

ABSTRACT. An experimental infection study was performed using pigeons reared for racing or meat production in Japan and clade 2.2 and 2.3.2 isolates of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus to evaluate the possible role of pigeons in virus transmission to poultry. In experiment 1, when 20 pigeons were intranasally inoculated with high or low viral doses, no inoculated pigeon exhibited clinical signs for 14 days. Drinking water and almost all swab samples were negative for virus isolation. Virus isolation was positive in 3 oral swab samples from 2 pigeons from day 2 through 4 postinoculation, but viral titers of positive samples were extremely low. Immunohistochemical analysis for virus detection was negative in all tissue samples. Along with seroconversion in a limited number of pigeons postinoculation, these results suggest that pigeons have limited susceptibility to the virus used for experimental infection. In experiment 2, when uninoculated chickens were housed with virus-inoculated pigeons, all pigeons and contact chickens survived for 14 days without exhibiting any clinical signs. According to serological analysis, the chickens did not exhibit seroconversion after close contact with inoculated pigeons. Our data suggest that the risk posed by pigeons with respect to the transmission of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus to poultry would be less than that for other susceptible avian species.KEY WORDS: H5N1 subtype, highly pathogenic avian influenza, pigeons.

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“…In [24]. One negative-pressure isolator (120 × 65 × 80 cm) was prepared for each group during the study.…”

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confidence: 99%

Limited Susceptibility of Pigeons Experimentally Inoculated with H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses

Yamamoto

Nakamura

Yamada

et al. 2012

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Among the wild bird species, swans such as whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) and mute swans (Cygnus olor) are frequently found dead or emaciated after avian influenza (AI) virus (H5N1) infection [1,5,10,11]. The neurological symptoms have often been reported as characteristic signs in experimentally and naturally infected swans [2,4,5,10], although some swans may exhibit an asymptomatic course during the infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Risk for Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Wild Swan Feathers

Yamamoto

Nakamura

Yamada

et al. 2009

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. We examined whooper swans naturally infected with avian influenza virus (H5N1) to evaluate the possible zoonotic risk of swan feathers. Viruses were isolated from feather calami. Immunohistochemical testing revealed that virus antigens were present in the feather epidermis and feather follicle wall epidermis of some feathers. RT-PCR and genetic sequencing using paraffin sections of swan feathers confirmed the presence of avian influenza virus (H5N1) in the feather tissue. These results indicate that the feathers could have the risk for zoonotic infection from infected wild swans.

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“…These viruses were isolated from past Japanese outbreaks. 44 The stock virus was propagated for 2 days in the allantoic cavity of 10-dayold embryonated chicken eggs at 37 C. Fresh infectious allantoic fluid was harvested and stored at À80 C until use. The inoculum was prepared by diluting the infectious allantoic fluid in phosphate-buffered saline on the day of inoculation.…”

Section: Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corneal Opacity in Domestic Ducks Experimentally Infected With H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

et al. 2015

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Domestic ducks can be a key factor in the regional spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in Asia. The authors performed experimental infections to examine the relationship between corneal opacity and H5N1 HPAI virus infection in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhyncha var domestica). A total of 99 domestic ducks, including 3 control birds, were used in the study. In experiment 1, when domestic ducks were inoculated intranasally with 2 H5N1 HPAI viruses, corneal opacity appeared more frequently than neurologic signs and mortality. Corneal ulceration and exophthalmos were rare findings. Histopathologic examinations of the eyes of domestic ducks in experiment 2 revealed that corneal opacity was due to the loss of corneal endothelial cells and subsequent keratitis with edema. Influenza viral antigen was detected in corneal endothelial cells and some other ocular cells by immunohistochemistry. Results suggest that corneal opacity is a characteristic and frequent finding in domestic ducks infected with the H5N1 HPAI virus. Confirming this ocular change may improve the detection rate of infected domestic ducks in the field.

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Isolated from Whooper Swans, Japan

Cited by 74 publications

References 8 publications

Limited Susceptibility of Pigeons Experimentally Inoculated with H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses

Limited Susceptibility of Pigeons Experimentally Inoculated with H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses

Zoonotic Risk for Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in Wild Swan Feathers

Corneal Opacity in Domestic Ducks Experimentally Infected With H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

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