Molybdenum (Mo)‐based materials with abundant electronic properties have been extensively studied in terms of environmental pollutant control. In photocatalysis, thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, Fenton or Fenton‐like reactions, and other technical means, the properties of different Mo‐based materials have been fully exerted. In this review, the latest developments in Mo‐based materials in the control of water and air pollutants are summarized. In addition, possible methods are discussed to enhance the activity of Mo‐based materials to provide the direction for the design of highly efficient Mo‐based catalysts in the future.