Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Liu, Yilin; Li, Bin; Xu, Min; Wang, Lili

doi:10.3390/ma13051251

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This is due to liberation of phosphoric acid, which promotes the formation of char. The burning of sample (d) also left a signi cant amount of "clear" char, which comes from the present metallic sodium, which in turn produces the sodium oxides that change the appearance of the char layer (Liu et al 2020). * pHRR = The amount of heat liberated at the peak of the heat release rate curve; tpHRR = The time when the pHRR is reached; ti = the time to ignition, once subjected to a ame; te = The time to extinction of the ame; ttf = Total time of re (from ignition to extinction) (ttf = te -ti); THR = The total heat released from ignition to extinction of the ame.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Zuluaga-Parra¹,

Ramos-deValle²,

Sanchez³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The cellulose and starch present in the avocado seed can be chemically modified to obtain biofillers with fire retarding characteristics. The resulting composites could be used as substitute of the corresponding halogenated composites. For this, the avocado seed was first washed, dehydrated and pulverized, and thereafter, chemically modified with phosphoric acid in the presence of urea. This was studied using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in order to determine the resulting chemical structure and confirm the presence of the proposed functional groups. In addition, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis were used, respectively, to establish the resulting morphological changes, as well as the elements present on the surface of the modified material. Thermogravimetric analysis was also carried out in order to establish the thermal stability of the material and predict the effect on the flame retardancy due to the mentioned chemical modification. Further tests established that the obtained modified structure and morphology of the avocado seed was highly dependent on the method used to dehydrate the pulverized avocado seed. It was also determined that chemical modification greatly increased the thermal stability of the avocado seed in air atmosphere. The flame-retardant effect of the modified avocado seed was assessed in polyethylene/ethylene-vinyl-acetate (PE/EVA) composites via cone calorimeter tests. These results showed that the modified avocado seed decreased the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) by 50% and the total heat released (THR) by 15%. This phosphated avocado seed could be a good option as a renewable biofiller for polymer composites with enhanced flame-retardant properties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Zuluaga-Parra¹,

Ramos-deValle²,

Sanchez³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Therefore, LDHs need to be modified. Rare earth elements have excellent chelating properties, easily accept a variety of empty orbitals of multiple ligands, and form coordination bonds with the provided lone pair electrons, thereby terminating the peroxide radicals generated during the combustion process and exerting good flame retardancy 19,20 . Wang et al 21 applied Ni LDHs and rare earth‐doped Ni‐containing LDHs to EVA and found that S–Ni 0.1 MgAl–La has improved dispersion, interface compatibility, and flame retardancy in the EVA matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardancy of silicone rubber foam containing modified hydrotalcite

Liu

Sheng

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Silicone rubber material (silicone rubber foam [SRF]) composites is a new type of polymer foam material, which has the characteristics of high elasticity and hightemperature resistance, but this material is flammable. In order to improve the flame retardant properties of SRF composites. The co-precipitation method is used to prepare modified hydrotalcites (LDHs) with different Ce/Al molar ratios for application to SRF composites. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and FT-IR are used to characterize modified LDHs with different Ce/Al molar ratios. The combustion performance, thermal decomposition, and mechanical properties of composite materials are studied through the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion test, thermal gravimetric analysis, cone calorimeter test, and SEM. Results show that the LOI value of SRF composite with addition of 3% LDHs at a Ce/Al molar ratio of 0.3:0.7 is 31.2%, and the heat release rate, the smoke production rate, and total smoke production of the SRF composite are reduced by 53.64%, 34.92%, and 66.19%, respectively. Besides, the addition of modified LDHs leads to increase in the thermal stability of the SRF composite. The results obtained from this study can provide guidance for the development of environmentally friendly SRF.

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“…Worse, it releases a large amount of smoke during burning, which poses a serious threat to the safety of life and property. 4,5 Expandable graphite (EG) is a flake graphite compound intercalated by sulfuric acid or nitric acid between the crystal carbon layers of the natural graphite. 6,7 In recent years, EG has received growing attention in the field of flame retardant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, EVA is flammable and can continue to burn after catching fire. Worse, it releases a large amount of smoke during burning, which poses a serious threat to the safety of life and property 4,5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wang et al 15 prepared a hybrid of zinc borate@melamine cyanurate (ZB@MCA) and incorporated it into the EVA/glass powder/mica powder/organo‐modified montmorillonite (EVA/GP/MP/OMMT) system, further leading to the enhancement of flame retardancy of EVA composites. Besides, Liu et al 4 used APP, a charring‐foaming agent (CFA), and a LDH containing rare‐earth elements (REEs) to improve the flame retardancy of EVA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composites

Yang

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2021

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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In this work, flame-retardant ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were prepared by compounding expandable graphite (EG) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP). The combustion behavior and mechanical properties of EG and AHP in flame-retardant EVA composites were tested, and flame retardant mechanism was also investigated.According to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results, AHP and EG can promote the carbonization of EVA to form the char layer at high temperature. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and vertical burning test (UL-94) test results show that when the mass ratio of EG to AHP is 2:1, the sample (EVA/10EG/5AHP) passes the UL-94 V-0 rating, and its LOI value reaches 30.5%. The cone calorimetry test (CCT) resultsshow that the EVA/10EG/5AHP sample has a significantly reduction on heat release and smoke release. Mechanical tests show that as the content of EG decreases and the content of AHP increases, both the strength and the elongation at break of EVA composites increase and the rigidity decreases. Whatever, we used SEM, Raman, and TG-IR to understand the flame-retardant mechanism of the EVA composites and the synergistic effect of EG and AHP It was found that the combination of condensedphase and gaseous-phase is realized in the burning process.

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Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Cited by 22 publications

References 30 publications

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Phosphated Avocado Seed: A Renewable Biomaterial for Preparing a Flame Retardant Biofiller

Flame retardancy of silicone rubber foam containing modified hydrotalcite

Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composites

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