Highly Automated Driving, Secondary Task Performance, and Driver State

Merat, Natasha; Jamson, A. Hamish; Lai, Frank; Carsten, Oliver

doi:10.1177/0018720812442087

Cited by 330 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Safety has become increasingly pervasive, to the point where driver autonomy is potentially eroded by safety technologies of increasingly intrusive form (Merat et al, 2012). As the burdens of control are reduced for the driver, so it becomes increasingly possible for d i e s to be engaged in other tasksultimately of course expressed in the form of autonomous vehicles of the type being developed by Google (Markoff, 2010).…”

Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

From ‘freedom of the open road’ to ‘cocooning’: Understanding resistance to change in personal private automobility

Wells

Xenias

2015

Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions

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Section: Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

From ‘freedom of the open road’ to ‘cocooning’: Understanding resistance to change in personal private automobility

Wells

Xenias

2015

Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions

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“…Martens et al [17] achieved the same result for car drivers in control of semi-and highly automated driving. Merat et al [19] found an interaction effect between automation and workload through a non-visual secondary task in which manual and highly automated driving were affected more than was semi-automated driving.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driver behaviour and driver experience of partial and fully automated truck platooning – a simulator study

Hjälmdahl

Krupenia

Thorslund

2017

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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Introduction This paper builds our knowledge of truck driver behaviour in and experience of automated truck platooning, focusing on the effect of partially and fully automated truck platoons on driver workload, trust, acceptance, performance, and sleepiness. Methods Twenty-four male drivers experienced three conditions in a truck driving simulator, i.e., baseline, partial automation, and full automation: the baseline condition was driving with standard cruise control; partial automation was automated longitudinal control ten metres behind the truck in front, with the driver having to steer; and full automation was automated longitudinal and lateral control. Each condition was simulated in three situations: light traffic, heavy traffic, and heavy traffic plus fog. Results The experiment demonstrated that automation affects workload. For all workload measures, partial automation produced higher workload than did the full-automation or baseline condition. The two measures capturing trust, i.e., the Human Trust in Automated Systems Scale (HTASS) and Cooper-Harper Scales of Workload, Temporal Load, Situation Awareness, and Trust, were consistent and indicated that trust was highest under the baseline condition, with little difference between partial and full automation. Driver acceptance of both levels of automation was lower than acceptance of baseline. Drivers rated their situation awareness higher for both partial and full automation than for baseline, although both levels of automation led to higher sleepiness. Conclusions Workload was higher for partial than for full automation or the baseline condition. Trust and acceptance were generally highest in the baseline condition, and did not differ between partial and full automation. Drivers may believe that they have more situation awareness during automated driving than they actually do. Both levels of automation led to a higher degree of sleepiness than in the baseline condition. The challenge when implementing truck platooning is to develop a system, including human-machine interaction (HMI), that does not overburden the driver, properly addresses driver sleepiness, and satisfies current legislation. The system also must be trusted and accepted by drivers. To achieve this, the development of well-designed HMI will be crucial.

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“…A more differentiated picture of these contradictory results is provided by recent studies on the consequences of highly automated driving. In a simulation study, Merat et al [42] examined the effects of performing a secondary task on driving behavior during automated driving. The study showed that reactions to critical incidents in highly automated and manual driving conditions without a secondary task were comparable.…”

Section: Automation In the Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interaction Between Humans and Autonomous Agents

Wolf

2016

Autonomous Driving

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Highly Automated Driving, Secondary Task Performance, and Driver State

Cited by 330 publications

References 23 publications

From ‘freedom of the open road’ to ‘cocooning’: Understanding resistance to change in personal private automobility

From ‘freedom of the open road’ to ‘cocooning’: Understanding resistance to change in personal private automobility

Driver behaviour and driver experience of partial and fully automated truck platooning – a simulator study

The Interaction Between Humans and Autonomous Agents

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