Higher Isolation of NDM-1 Producing Acinetobacter baumannii from the Sewage of the Hospitals in Beijing

Abstract

Multidrug resistant microbes present in the environment are a potential public health risk. In this study, we investigate the presence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) producing bacteria in the 99 water samples in Beijing City, including river water, treated drinking water, raw water samples from the pools and sewage from 4 comprehensive hospitals. For the bla NDM-1 positive isolate, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was further analyzed, and Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed to determine the genetic relationship among the NDM-1 producing isolates from sewage and human, as well as the clinical strains without NDM-1. The results indicate that there was a higher isolation of NDM-1 producing Acinetobacter baumannii from the sewage of the hospitals, while no NDM-1 producing isolates were recovered from samples obtained from the river, drinking, or fishpond water. Surprisingly, these isolates were markedly different from the clinical isolates in drug resistance and pulsed field gel electrophoresis profiles, suggesting different evolutionary relationships. Our results showed that the hospital sewage may be one of the diffusion reservoirs of NDM-1 producing bacteria.

Draft Genome Sequence of a Multidrug-Resistant bla NDM-1-Producing Acinetobacter soli Isolate in China

“…In China, bla NDM-1 gene could be detected in different bacteria species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [14][15][16][17]. However, carbapenem-resistant A. soli isolate carried bla NDM-1 gene has been detected in our study, which indicated that it could disseminate more widely and promptly than we anticipated, and its prevalence should be monitored with care.…”

Nosocomial Infections and their Surveillance in Veterinary Hospitals

“…Majority of the Acinetobacter baumannii isolates belong to ST25, where ST is an emergent clonal lineage which includes Carbapenemases including oxacillinases (OXA-58 and OXA-72), metallo-ß-lactamases (NDM-1) and recently for the first time OXA-23 mediated Carbapenem resistance in sequence type 2 multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii was recorded from a cat with urinary tract infection. A recent study demonstrated increased resistance of A. baumannii towards dessication and its biofilm forming ability on abiotic surfaces which facilitates its persistence in hospital environment , one more study revealed the isolation of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii from hospital sewges in Beijing (Zhang et al, 2013). A multicentre cross-sectional study conducted to detect the carriage of Acinetobacter baumannii in pets revealed a carriage prevalence of…”

Carbapenem-resistant bacteria in a secondary wastewater treatment plant

“…Published papers on CRBP in nature are mostly focused on single bacterial isolates. Viable isolates of CRBP were recovered from hospital sewage both before and after disinfection (Ferreira et al, 2011;Chagas et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2013;Chandran et al, 2014). From the mixture of domestic and hospital wastewaters two carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and one Escherichia coli were recovered (Galler et al, 2014).…”

“…From the mixture of domestic and hospital wastewaters two carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and one Escherichia coli were recovered (Galler et al, 2014). From municipal sewage in Beijing, 37 isolates of CRBP were isolated (Zhang et al, 2013). Carbapenem-resistant isolates of A. baumannii were recovered from raw and secondary treated municipal wastewater (Hrenovic et al, 2016).…”

“…Therefore, the numbers of viable CRBP in wastewater remain to be determined, in order to quantify the influence of wastewater on the spread of CRBP in the environment. Moreover, the temperature at which the CRBP 35-37°C (Girlich et al, 2010;Ferreira et al, 2011;Walsh et al, 2011;Galler et al, 2014;Tanner et al, 2015) or was not specified at all (Chagas et al, 2011;Poirel et al, 2012;Picao et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2013). Cultivation at 37°C allows for the isolation of intrinsically carbapenem-resistant bacteria which are autochthonous populations in environmental samples.…”