High-yield, green and scalable methods for producing MOF-303 for water harvesting from desert air

Broadly Tunable Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Multivariate Metal–Organic Frameworks

“…To account for the aforementioned points, a reflux-based synthesis method under stirring and in the presence of 3 base equivalents was established (Figure a and Supporting Information, Section S1) . With this method, the reaction times could be reduced to a total of 5 h, and the yields were improved to ≥90% (Table S1), thus leading to space-time yield increases of 2 orders of magnitude for all multivariate PT-MOFs (Figure b and Table S2).…”

“…To account for the aforementioned points, a reflux-based synthesis method under stirring and in the presence of 3 base equivalents was established (Figure 4a and Supporting Information, Section S1). 23 With this method, the reaction times could be reduced to a total of 5 h, and the yields were improved to ≥90% (Table S1), thus leading to space-time yield increases of 2 orders of magnitude for all multivariate PT-MOFs (Figure 4b and Table S2). The products, referred to as PTnm-HY (HY, high yield), exhibited high crystallinity, as was verified by PXRD analysis (Figure S1), and proportionality between the linker input and output ratios according to NMR spectroscopy and EA (Figure 7b).…”

Latest trends in the large-scale production of MOFs in accordance with the principles of green chemistry

“…The most popular liquids used in the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks are DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and DMF (dimethylformamide) due to their high boiling point (DMSO, 189 °C, and DMF, 153 °C). [26][27][28] There are cases when the solvent used is water, and in that case the synthesis is called hydrothermal. The advantage of the solvothermal method is the possibility of its optimization, i.e., selection of appropriate molar ratio of reagents (stoichiometry), temperature, solvents, pH, reaction time, concentration of precursors and counterions.…”

“…Examples of the surfactants used for the synthesis of MOFs include polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethene glycol (PEG-400) and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) as the reaction medium. [27][28][29] PEG is particularly attractive due to its non-toxicity and quick biodegradability, wide temperature range applicability and the oxygen atom in its structure, which can bind with metal ions and influence the crystal growth of porous materials. Compared to ILs, the use of surfactants and DESs is much cheaper, making it a more costeffective method for large-scale use.…”

“…After 150 min, the HKUST-1 structure with a specific surface area of 1820 m 2 g −1 is formed (compared with the solvothermal method of 1550 m 2 g −1 ). [27][28][29]…”