High-voltage and long-lasting aqueous chlorine-ion battery by virtue of “water-in-salt” electrolyte

Abstract

Chloride-ion battery (CIB) is regarded as a promising electrochemical storage device due to their high theoretical volumetric capacities, low cost, and high abundance. However, low-cycle life limits its application in the energy storage field. Herein, we report a rechargeable CIB composed of a ''water-in-salt'' electrolyte, a zinc anode, and a carbon cathode (graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon black). These cathodes exhibit initial reversible specific capacities of 136, 108, and 102 mAh g À1 , respectively. Especially, a reversible discharge capacity of 95 mAh g À1 was retained after 2000 cycles when graphene is used as the cathode. Such high cycling stability was first reported in CIBs. Furthermore, the use of ''water-in-salt'' electrolytes has improved the discharge platform of aqueous CIBs to 2.6V. The charge and discharge mechanism of the carbon cathode was investigated by TEM, FTIR, Raman, and XPS, proving the chloride ions reversible absorption/desorption in carbon cathodes.

Rechargeable Hydrogen–Chlorine Battery Operates in a Wide Temperature Range

“…Among different ATR-FTIR patterns, the fully charged HPC exhibits a new absorption peak at 710 cm −1 , which is attributed to the C−Cl stretching vibration. 23 The peak attenuates in the discharge state, suggesting reversible C− Cl bond formation and breakage during charge and discharge, respectively. The signal of Cl implies that the evolution of the C−Cl bond is an adjoint phenomenon along with the dominant Cl 2 /Cl − redox mechanism.…”

“…Previous studies have investigated the mechanism of reversible Cl − (de)intercalation, which are unfortunately undesirable owing to the parasitic Cl 2 evolution reaction (CER). 23 Additionally, direct investigation over the Cl 2 /Cl − redox couple in an aqueous electrolyte is rarely reported. Fan et al 24 reported a chlorine supercapacitor operating at room temperature (RT) by deploying carbon with a compatible pore size and an ultrahigh operation rate to avoid Cl 2 escape, while the specific capacity of carbon materials is limited to 40−70 mAh g −1 and the ultralow-temperature performance remains unexplored.…”

A nickel-based metal–organic framework as a new cathode for chloride ion batteries with superior cycling stability

“…1–4 Specifically, chloride-ion batteries (CIBs) possess the advantages of a theoretical volumetric energy density of 2500 W h L −1 and the worldwide availability of chloride-containing precursor materials, which all facilitate the CIB as a representative electrochemical system for sustainable grid-scale energy storage. 5–9 Up to now, several studies have been devoted to exploring new cathode materials for Cl − storage. For instance, conversion-type metal chlorides (CoCl 2 or FeCl 3 ) 10 /oxychlorides (BiOCl, 11 FeOCl 12 and VOCl 13 ) are inexpensive and have large value in theoretical capacity.…”

Metal Reclamation from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: Directional Conversion of Metals Based on Hydrogen Reduction

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are predominately used for secondary energy storage, 1 possess remarkable advantages over other secondary batteries, including high energy density (150− 200 W•h/kg), 2 high output power (>300 W/kg), and strong cycle stability (about 2000 cycles). 3 In recent years, with the increase of portable electronic devices, there is a rising demand for LIBs. 4 Furthermore, the large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in the upcoming years results in high demand for LIBs.…”