High Velocity Impact Testing of Intermetallic Projectiles

Bratton, K. Ryan; Hill, Kevin J.; Woodruff, Connor; Campbell, Loudon L.; Cagle, Colton; Pantoya, Michelle L.; Magallanes, Joseph M.; Abraham, Joseph

doi:10.1007/s40870-020-00244-w

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…where is the initial mass of the fragment, and are, respectively, the ual mass of the fragment and the mass of the plug ejected from the plate; 0 indicat initial velocity and was defined by Grady et al [14] as "excess energy", which expressed as the following sum = + + Therefore, it is reasonable to use α higher than 30 • degrees as exclusion criterion in the analytical analysis of the problem. Bratton et al [13] described a similar threshold value for IRM impacting 4130 steel targets…”

Section: Analysis Of Critical Impact Energymentioning

confidence: 87%

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High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

et al. 2021

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The terminal ballistics effects of Intermetallic Reactive Materials (IRM) fragments have been the object of intense research in recent years. IRM fragments flying at velocities up to 2000 m/s represent a realistic threat in modern warfare scenarios as these materials are substituting conventional solutions in defense applications. The IRM add Impact Induced Energy Release (IIER) to the mechanical interaction with a target. Therefore, the necessity of investigations on IIER to quantify potential threats to existing protection systems. In this study, Mixed Rare Earths (MRE) fragments were used due to the mechanical and pyrophoric affinity with IRM, the commercial availability and cost-effectiveness. High-Velocity Impacts (HVI) of MRE were performed at velocities ranging from 800 to 1600 m/s and recorded using a high-speed camera. 70 MREs cylindrical fragments and 24 steel fragments were shot on armour steel plates with thicknesses ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm. The influence of the impact pitch angle (α) on HVI outcomes was assessed, defining a threshold value at α of 20°. The influence of the failure modes of MRE and steel fragments on the critical impact velocities (CIV) and critical kinetic energy (Ekin crit) was evaluated. An energy-based model was developed and fitted with sufficient accuracy the Normalised EKin crit (E˜kincrit) determined from the experiments. IIER was observed in all the experiments involving MRE. From the analyses, it was observed that the IIER spreads behind the targets with velocities comparable to the residual velocities of plugs and shattered fragment.

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Section: Analysis Of Critical Impact Energymentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Therefore, it is reasonable to use α higher than 30° degrees as exclusion criterion in the analytical analysis of the problem. Bratton et al [ 13 ] described a similar threshold value for IRM impacting 4130 steel targets…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

et al. 2021

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“…Reactive materials, such as metal/polymer mixture [1][2][3], thermites [4][5][6], metal-hydride mixture [7][8][9] and intermetallic compounds [10][11][12], are a unique class of materials known for their ability to initiate and release substantial energy when subjected to dynamic loads. Among these, metal/polymer mixtures, exemplified by PTFE/Al, have gained prominence due to their capability to react in oxygen-free environments [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An approach to distinguish chemical and kinetic energy of reactive materials: PTFE/LiF as an inert substitute to PTFE/Al

Zhou,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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To distinguish between the kinetic and chemical contributions in the impact of PTFE/Al, this study explores the feasibility of introducing an inert substitute for PTFE/Al by substituting aluminum (Al) with inert materials. Three specimens were fabricated through a process involving mixing, compression, and sintering of raw materials The mechanical properties of these specimens were assessed. Dynamic fragmentation tests of PTFE/Al and PTFE/LiF specimens were performed. These results further substantiate the potential of PTFE/LiF as an inert alternative to PTFE/Al, the two materials exhibit comparable fragmentation distribution characteristics. A preliminary exploration of the energy release in both materials was conducted via vented chamber calorimetry tests. The findings reveal that, at an impact velocity of roughly 650 m/s, only 66.9 % of the materials were deposited into the chamber, with a mere 17.8 % being initiated, about 88.9 % of the total deposited energy results from the chemical reaction energy within the PTFE/Al materials. Importantly, this method demonstrates promise for further application in energy release analysis experiments for various PTFE/Al‐based reactive materials. These findings are beneficial for evaluating the energy release characteristics of reactive fragments on typical targets and lay the foundation for refining energy release models of such materials in future research.

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“…The relating research includes mechanical properties [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], impact response [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], and energy release characteristics [ 11 , 12 ] of the reactive materials. Research have been conducted towards potential engineering applications, mainly focusing on the damage effects of reactive projectiles, fragments and jets to the target bodies and behind-target effects [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perforation of Double-Spaced Aluminum Plates by Reactive Projectiles with Different Densities

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2021

Materials

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Perforation behavior of 3 mm/3 mm double-spaced aluminum plates by PTFE/Al/W (Polytetrafluoroethylene/Aluminum/Tungsten) reactive projectiles with densities ranging from 2.27 to 7.80 g/cm3 was studied experimentally and theoretically. Ballistic experiments show that the failure mode of the front plate transforms from petalling failure to plugging failure as projectile density increases. Theoretical prediction of the critical velocities for the reactive projectiles perforating the double-spaced plates is proposed, which is consistent with the experimental results and well represents the perforation performance of the projectiles. Dimensionless formulae for estimating the perforation diameter and deflection height of the front plates are obtained through dimensional analysis, indicating material density and strength are dominant factors to determine the perforation size. High-speed video sequences of the perforation process demonstrate that high-density reactive projectiles make greater damage to the rear plates because of the generation of projectile debris streams. Specifically, the maximum spray angle of the debris streams and the crater number in the debris concentration area of the rear plate both increase with the projectile density and initial velocity.

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High Velocity Impact Testing of Intermetallic Projectiles

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

High-Velocity Impacts of Pyrophoric Alloy Fragments on Thin Armour Steel Plates

An approach to distinguish chemical and kinetic energy of reactive materials: PTFE/LiF as an inert substitute to PTFE/Al

Perforation of Double-Spaced Aluminum Plates by Reactive Projectiles with Different Densities

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