High-Throughput 2D Heteroatom Graphene Bioelectronic Nanosculpture: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

Abstract

In this study, chemical vapor deposition-synthesized heteroatom graphene (HGr) bioelectronic interfaces have been developed for ultrafast, all-electronic detection and analysis of molecules by driving them through tiny holesor atomporesin a thin lattice of the graphene sheet, including the efforts toward facilitating enhanced electrocatalytic and mapping electron transport activities. The presence of chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen in the crystalline graphitic layers (<7) has been confirmed using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We report a swift bioelectrocatalytic response to step-by-step additions of the substrate with the achievement of a steady current within a few seconds. The response limit was 2.07 μM with a dynamic range of sensing from 2.07 μM to 2.97 mM. The electronic properties and adsorption energies of hydroquinone and p-benzophenone molecule adsorption on pristine, O-, N-, and Cl-doped graphene nanosheet surfaces were systematically investigated using first-principles calculations. The results revealed that the adsorption capacity was improved upon doping graphene nanosheets with O, N, and Cl atoms. Hence, Cl-doped graphene nanosheets were shown as a promising adsorbent toward hydroquinone and p-benzophenone detection.

Composite 2D Nanointerfaces for Electrochemical Biosensing: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

“…60 The R ct values for the electrodes used in the EIS experiment were calculated using the diameter of the semicircle section of the Nyquist plot. 61,62 The R ct value for bare GCE was calculated to be 200 Ω (Figure 3, curve a). For the graphene-modified GC electrode, the value of R ct increased to 790 Ω (curve b), thus indicating that the presence of the graphene at the interface caused an increase in the charge transfer resistance; this may be due to the fact that the as-synthesized graphene was dispersed in deionized water rather than a surfactant for the EIS measurements, thus causing an increase in charge transfer kinetics due to the electrostatic repulsion of electrons.…”

“…A Randles electrochemical equivalent circuit (inset, Figure ) was used to represent electron transfer impedance fittings in the electrochemical system, and it showed the presence of charge transfer resistance ( R ct ), solution resistance ( R s ), and Warburg impedance (ω), which is frequency dependent, while we represented the electrochemical capacitance generated by the system (electrical double layer) by Cdl . The R ct values for the electrodes used in the EIS experiment were calculated using the diameter of the semicircle section of the Nyquist plot. , …”

Sustainable Approach for Developing Graphene-Based Materials from Natural Resources and Biowastes for Electronic Applications

“…Within a few seconds, this nanosculpture was capable of maintaining a steady current. Cl-doped graphene nanosheets were also reported to be a viable adsorbent for p -benzophenone and hydroquinone detection in their investigation . Graphene can also monitor intracellular bioelectrical activities with excellent signal-to-noise ratios owing to its enormous surface area-to-volume ratio and peculiar electrical characteristics. , …”

“…Cl-doped graphene nanosheets were also reported to be a viable adsorbent for p-benzophenone and hydroquinone detection in their investigation. 222 Graphene can also monitor intracellular bioelectrical activities with excellent signal-tonoise ratios owing to its enormous surface area-to-volume ratio and peculiar electrical characteristics. 223,224 Graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites have also been used for different sensing applications, whether it is of DNA, antibodies, organic molecules, or nanoparticles.…”

Electrochemical Detection of Tetracycline on Highly Sensitive Benzene Sourced CVD Graphene‐Gold Nanoparticles Nanointerfaces

“…This is due to the outstanding electronic, mechanical and structural attributes of graphene, such as high mechanical strength of about 1100 GPa, a very high surface area of about 2630 m 2 /g 2 and an outstanding carrier mobility of about 10 000 cm 2 /V/s [14]. These outstanding properties of graphene have enabled it to be used as a material of choice in the design and fabrication of novel devices with superior efficiency and sensitivity [15].…”