High-Temperature–Short-Time Annealing Process for High-Performance Large-Area Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Organic-inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are attracting tremendous research interest due to their high solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency with a high possibility of cost-effective fabrication and certified power conversion efficiency now exceeding 22%. Although many effective methods for their application have been developed over the past decade, their practical transition to large-size devices has been restricted by difficulties in achieving high performance. Here we report on the development of a simple and cost-effective production method with high-temperature and short-time annealing processing to obtain uniform, smooth, and large-size grain domains of perovskite films over large areas. With high-temperature short-time annealing at 400 °C for 4 s, the perovskite film with an average domain size of 1 μm was obtained, which resulted in fast solvent evaporation. Solar cells fabricated using this processing technique had a maximum power conversion efficiency exceeding 20% over a 0.1 cm active area and 18% over a 1 cm active area. We believe our approach will enable the realization of highly efficient large-area PCSs for practical development with a very simple and short-time procedure. This simple method should lead the field toward the fabrication of uniform large-scale perovskite films, which are necessary for the production of high-efficiency solar cells that may also be applicable to several other material systems for more widespread practical deployment.

Large-area perovskite solar cells – a review of recent progress and issues

“…For the large-area PSCs device, improving the PCE, the rst method is to change the chemical composition of perovskite, adjusting its band gap and increasing the charge generation. 3,29,31,35,38,46 The second approach is to increase the grain size of perovskite, decreasing the cracks and pinholes, that reduces the bulk defect recombination and electric leakage, and increase V oc . [35][36][37][38] The third approach is interface modication, which reduces interface contact resistance, and reduce interface and surface recombination, and increase J sc .…”

“…ZnO, 13,55,56 SnO 2 , 57-59 PCBM, [60][61][62][63][64][65] LBSO, 66 etc.). Spiro-OMeTAD is the widely used HTL material, 35,57,67 the certied PCE of 22.1% in small cells. 3 Meanwhile, other HTL materials have been used to achieve over 10% efficiencies (e.g.…”

“…Spin-coating has been widely used to fabricate the large-area perovskite lms. 16,35,[39][40][41]45,91 The main advantage of the spincoating method is to deposit thin lms with well-dened the composition of chemical elements and the lm thicknesses. Spin-coating includes one step spin-coating and two step spin-coating.…”

“…In 2016, W. Qiu and P. Heremans et al 39 achieved large-area PSCs with 4 cm 2 aperture area and an active area of 1 cm 2 , that had a PCE of 13.6%. Aiming at uncovered pinhole areas derive from large perovskite grains, M. J. Kim and G. H. Kim et al 35 also developed one step spin-coating, and using high-temperature short-time annealing (HTSA) process ( Fig. 7(a)), achieving the perovskite grains with sizes more than 1 mm without pinhole ( Fig.…”

Dissolution and recrystallization of perovskite induced by N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in a closed steam annealing method

“…Recently, organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted great attentions due to rapid growth of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low processing cost [1][2][3][4][5] . Perovskite films with large columnar grains and low trap density are desired for high photovoltaic performance [6] .…”