High-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells

Zhang, Jianlu; Zhang, Huamin; Wu, Jinfeng; Zhang, Jiujun

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53688-4.00010-3

Cited by 735 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Unit prices are quite high, especially for low power units (~1 kW) they go up to 6000 $/kW. Some sources cite 2000 $/kW units with optimistic prognosis of 500 $/kW in the near future [6,8,9]. For the sake of the analysis three different scenarios were taken in calculation: 1) 2000 $/kW, 2) 4000 $/kW and 3) 6000 $/kW.…”

Section: Pv / Battery / Pem Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With mass production not in sight unit cost of the fuel cells is still high (2000 -6000 $/kW, depending on the size with smaller units typically more expensive [6,7]. Some projections say that the unit cost of the fuel cells should equal those of ICE once mass production is achieved [8,9]. In most European countries, hydrogen market has not developed in a way that the hydrogen price would be competitive with the fossil fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base stations

Bezmalinović

Barbir

Tolj

2013

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Expansion of telecommunication networks even to the most remote areas where connection to the utility grid could never be justified, especially in touristic regions, has led to the increasing need for stand-alone power systems. In Adriatic coastal area employment of hybrid photovoltaic-based systems is straightforward due to high sun potential. Inherent intermittent nature of renewable sources is especially not compatible with telecommunication system who require uninterrupted power supply. This leads to the need of not only energy storage, but also a "back up" solution in the case of primary system failure. Emphasis is put on the system reliability and simplicity while system price is not necessarily top priority. Usual approach of using diesel generators as a "back up" has been challenged by the introduction of PEM fuel cells. Even with hydrogen technologies market development still lagging behind some comparable advantages such as high energy conversion efficiency, silent operation and no emissions make PEM fuel cells a legitimate candidate for replacing traditional oil burning generators. Technoeconomic analysis of various stand-alone power systems for the remote base station on an Adriatic island is made. At the moment, levelized cost of electricity point of view still gives slight advantage to the diesel generators. Long term reliability of PEM fuel cells system still needs to be examined in practice, as this combined with pro-environmental characteristics of fuel cells can make the difference especially in pristine and protected areas. Furthermore, uncertain petroleum market and fast developing hydrogen technology market could reverse this trend in the near future.

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Section: Pv / Battery / Pem Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-economic analysis of PEM fuel cells role in photovoltaic-based systems for the remote base stations

Bezmalinović

Barbir

Tolj

2013

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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“…In this context, fuel cells based on proton-exchange membranes (PEMFC) have many attractive features, such as their high power density, rapid start-up, and high efficiency, which make them a promising clean energy technology [9]. Recent progress in this type of PEMFCs has been focused on the development of devices that operate above 120C, which are usually called high-temperature PEM fuel cells (HT-PEMFC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As both electricity and thermal energy demands fluctuate seasonally and hourly in residential buildings, it is necessary to take into account operational strategies for the variations in load demands. Then, it is necessary to develop a rational method of determining the size of the systems, as well as the operational strategies throughout the year [8].As the minimum required temperature in buildings may vary between 40C and 80C, an output temperature close to 100C is a convenient value for a µ-CHP system.In this context, fuel cells based on proton-exchange membranes (PEMFC) have many attractive features, such as their high power density, rapid start-up, and high efficiency, which make them a promising clean energy technology [9]. Recent progress in this type of PEMFCs has been focused on the development of devices that operate above 120C, which are usually called high-temperature PEM fuel cells (HT-PEMFC).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal design and operational tests of a high-temperature PEM fuel cell for a combined heat and power unit

Barreras

Lozano

Roda

et al. 2014

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Development of new materials for polymer electrolyte membranes has allowed increasing the operational temperature of PEM fuel cell stacks above 120C. The present paper summarizes the main results obtained in a research devoted to the design, fabrication and operational tests performed on a high-temperature PEMFC prototype. A 5-cell stack has been assembled with commercial Celtec P-1000 hightemperature MEAs from BASF Fuel Cells, but the rest of elements and processes have been developed at LIFTEC research facilities. The main innovations of the present study are related to the design of the stack, and to the manufacturing and operation procedures. The novelties in the design include the flowfield geometry for both anode and cathode plates, the way in which reactant gases are supplied to the flowfield, the concept of block that eases the assembly and maintenance processes, and the heating strategy for a very fast start-up. The changes introduced to the assembly, closing and conditioning procedures are extensively described and discussed in the manuscript and contribute to the improvement in the stack performance. Results obtained in the preliminary operational tests performed are very promising, and it is expected that the 30-cells HT-PEMFC stack will deliver an electric power 2.3 times larger than the one initially predicted. A well known highly efficient technology to generate electricity and thermal energy from a single fuel source is co-generation, also known as CHP (combined heat and power). This approach can also be used in a decentralized way, improving energy efficiency, security in energy supply, and reduction of CO 2 emissions. The EU and National Governments encourage the use of micro-combined heat and power systems (µ-CHP), in order to meet international and domestic targets on carbon emissions. For example, it is expected that by 2050 µ-CHP systems could provide 30-40% of the UK electricity needs [6]. To achieve this goal, the UK Government has lowered VAT from 17.5% to 5% for households that install µ-CHP systems, and has increased the planned reduction of carbon emissions for households up to 60% by 2050. In the same way, the Dutch Government is promoting similar initiatives and made public funding available to companies developing mass-market CHP systems [7]. µ-CHPs are especially interesting for small family houses (SFH) and medium family houses (MFH), small buildings and small and medium scale enterprises (SME) due to the very low noise and vibration levels. As both electricity and thermal energy demands fluctuate seasonally and hourly in residential buildings, it is necessary to take into account operational strategies for the variations in load demands. Then, it is necessary to develop a rational method of determining the size of the systems, as well as the operational strategies throughout the year [8].As the minimum required temperature in buildings may vary between 40C and 80C, an output temperature close to 100C is a convenient value for a µ-CHP system.In this context, fuel cell...

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“…[9][10][11] However, the lack of suitable electrolyte materials that operate at the intermediate temperature range presents a great obstacle. Therefore, in the past few decades various systems have been developing to meet this challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%