High temperature blocking force measurements of soft lead zirconate titanate

Webber, Kyle G.; Aulbach, Emil; Rödel, Jürgen

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/43/36/365401

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…It is possible, however, that other electro‐active materials do not display this trend. Despite deviations in the absolute blocking stress values, these findings correspond very well to previous investigations on the direct blocking force of PZT that also observed a linear change in blocking force of −22.7 N/mV with applied electric fields up to 3 kV/mm …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The maximum developed stress was approximately −48 MPa, representing the true blocking stress for PZT with 2 kV/mm. Previous investigations using the direct blocking stress measurement technique reported a blocking stress of −45 MPa at 2 kV/mm, which is approximately 7% lower than the direct blocking stress values observed in this study. Importantly, the unipolar strain previously observed at 2 kV/mm was 0.15%, which is 19% lower than that observed here.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 86%

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Determination of the True Operational Range of a Piezoelectric Actuator

2014

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Piezoelectric multilayer actuators are technologically important devices used in numerous positioning and force generation applications. During operation, the actuator displacement and force are nonlinearly coupled to the applied electric field, which is often ignored during material characterization. In this study, a novel experimental arrangement is presented that acts like a virtual linear spring, allowing for characterization of the full operational range as a function of applied electric field as well as the true blocking force and impedance matching system stiffness. The macroscopic measurements are contrasted to previous experimental techniques, providing insight into the effect of path dependence on the blocking force.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 86%

Determination of the True Operational Range of a Piezoelectric Actuator

2014

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“…In the case of actuators, the performance of a device in the presence of a restraining force or static stress can be characterised by measuring the so-called blocking stress relationship. 16 The blocking force test is performed on a poled piezoelectric material and usually interpreted using the standard equations of piezoelectricity (1), where e; r; E, and D are the strain, stress, electric field, and electric displacement, respectively, and S E ; r , and d are the elastic stiffness tensor at constant electric field, dielectric permittivity at constant stress, and piezoelectric tensor, respectively…”

Section: Macroscopic Interpretation Of the Blocking Force Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the blocking force test on ferroelectric ceramics using high energy x-ray diffraction

Daniel

Hall

Koruza

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physics

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International audienceThe blocking force test is a standard test to characterise the properties of piezoelectric actuators. The aim of this study is to understand the various contributions to the macroscopic behaviour observed during this experiment that involves the intrinsic piezoelectric effect, ferroelectric domain switching, and internal stress development. For this purpose, a high energy diffraction experiment is performed in-situ during a blocking force test on a tetragonal lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic (Pb 0.98 Ba 0.01 (Zr 0.51 Ti 0.49) 0.98 Nb 0.02 O 3). It is shown that the usual macroscopic linear interpretation of the test can also be performed at the single crystal scale, allowing the identification of local apparent piezoelectric and elastic properties. It is also shown that despite this apparent linearity, the blocking force test involves significant non-linear behaviour mostly due to domain switching under electric field and stress. Although affecting a limited volume fraction of the material, domain switching is responsible for a large part of the macroscopic strain and explains the high level of inter-and intra-granular stresses observed during the course of the experiment. The study shows that if apparent piezoelectric and elastic properties can be identified for PZT single crystals from blocking stress curves, they may be very different from the actual properties of polycrystalline materials due to the multiplicity of the physical mechanisms involved. These apparent properties can be used for macroscopic modelling purposes but should be considered with caution if a local analysis is aimed at

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“…Pushrod dilatometers have been used to measure the coupling between piezoelectric and thermal expansion and their relation to electrostriction and charge control of actuation in soft PZT up to 200 °C [2], [3] as well as straightforward thermal expansion measurement [5] (the latter using a capacitive sensor). A pushrod / LVDT arrangement, in combination with an external load sensor was used to measure both stress and strain at temperatures up to 150 °C, allowing assessment of the work output of an actuator at elevated temperature [24].…”

Section: Measurement Of the Converse Piezoelectric Effect At High Temmentioning

confidence: 99%

High temperature measurement and characterisation of piezoelectric properties

Stevenson

Quast

Bartl

et al. 2015

J Mater Sci: Mater Electron

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Currently available high performance piezoelectric materials, predominantly based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT), are typically limited to operating temperatures of around 200 °C or below. There are many applications in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, power generation and process control, oil and gas, where reliable operation at higher temperatures is required for sensors, actuators and transducers. New materials are being actively developed to meet this need. Development and application of new and existing materials requires reliable measurement of their properties under these challenging conditions. This paper reviews the current state of the art in measurement of piezoelectric properties at high temperature, including direct and converse piezoelectric measurements and resonance techniques applied to high temperature measurements. New results are also presented on measurement of piezoelectric and thermal expansion and the effects of sample distortion on piezoelectric measurements. An investigation of the applicability of resonance measurements at high temperature is presented, and comparisons are drawn between the results of the different measurement techniques. New results on piezoelectric resonance measurements on novel high temperature piezoelectric materials, and conventional PZT materials, at temperatures up to 600 °C are presented.

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High temperature blocking force measurements of soft lead zirconate titanate

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Determination of the True Operational Range of a Piezoelectric Actuator

Determination of the True Operational Range of a Piezoelectric Actuator

Revisiting the blocking force test on ferroelectric ceramics using high energy x-ray diffraction

High temperature measurement and characterisation of piezoelectric properties

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