High speed nano-optical encoder using photonic crystal ring resonator

New designs of 4 × 2 photonic crystal encoders using ring resonators

“…The encoder of reference (Saranya and Rajesh 2020) has a contrast ratio and a response time better than ours, but the footprint is large and the rods are chalcogenide glass. Our ENC_2 has better values of response time, footprint and contrast ratio than the encoders of references (Rajasekar et al 2020;Latha et al 2022a, b). In addition, ENC_2 has better response time and footprint than the encoder of reference (Mehdizadeh et al 2017).…”

“…Thus, PhCs are great candidates for optical networks, optical communications and applications of optical signal processing (Joannopoulos et al 2011). Many PhCs based optical components have been reported such as: multiplexers (Rao et al 2021;Fasihi and Bashiri 2020;Zhao et al 2019), de-multiplexers (Mohammadi et al , 2021aMasilamani and Punniakodi 2020;Radhouene et al 2020;Mohammadi and Seifouri 2019;Kannaiyan et al 2017), full adders (Mohammadi et al 2021b;Naghizade and Saghaei 2021a;Maleki et al 2021a, b;Goswami et al 2021;Vali-Nasab et al 2019), analog-to-digital converters (Naghizade and Saghaei 2021b;Shamsi and Moradi 2020;Geng and Zhao 2020), optical filters (Foroughifar et al 2021), flip-flops (Zamanian-Dehkordi et al 2018;Abbasi et al 2012), comparators (Seraj et al 2020;Feng et al 2021;Cheng and Dadras Jeddi Pishkhani 2021;Zhu et al 2019;Jile 2020), optical logic gates (Kumar and Sen 2020;Kotb and Guo 2020;Saranya and Anbazhagan 2020;Caballero et al 2020;He et al 2020;Mostafa et al 2019a;Hussein et al 2018a, b;Olyaee et al 2018;Fu et al 2013;Caballero and Neto 2021) and all-optical encoders (Makvandi et al 2021;Rajasekar et al 2020;…”

“…According to the phase difference between the CW and CCW signals, the interference could be either constructive or destructive. Researchers proposed different designs for 4 × 2 PhC Encoders, using linear and non-linear materials, and using point defects, line defects, and/or ring resonators (Makvandi et al 2021;Rajasekar et al 2020;Mehdizadeh et al 2017;Chhipa et al 2022;Saranya and Shankar 2021;Latha et al 2022a, b;Arunkumar et al 2022;Fallahi et al 2021;Khatib and Shahi 2020;Saranya and Rajesh 2020;Mostafa et al 2019b), beside using cross-connected waveguides (Haddadan and Soroosh 2019), graphene stack in the center of a photonic crystal for approaching the encoding operation (Haddadan et al 2020).…”

Design of ultra compact 4:2 encoder using two dimensional photonic crystals

“…Photonic crystal (PC) is chosen as the suitable platform for designing optical devices because of its features such as lifetime, exible design, good temperature resilient, low radiation loss and low group velocity [3]. The other platforms that are highly suitable for photonic integrated circuits are Planar Light wave Circuits (PLC), Plasmonics, Micro Electro-Optical-Mechanical-systems (MEOMS) [4].…”

“…Photonic crystal is nano optical composition with two different materials combined in a single substrate to direct the signal of light into a nanostructure [4]. Photonic crystal basic characteristic is its Photonic Band Gap (PBG) concept by which the light property can be changed at an optical wavelength.…”