A high-energy, high-beam-quality laser based on a single Nd:YAG rod with laser diode side-pumping and multiloop self-adaptive reciprocal cavity is presented. The optimized laser cavity geometry allowed to change the laser oscillation from single 200-ns self-Q-switched pulse followed by low-intensity free-running lasing to repetitive high-intensive pulses by periodically writing and erasing holographic gain gratings in the active Nd:YAG medium. The intensified self-Q-switching pulse train oscillation was realized by the interaction with a diffusely reflecting target placed in the focal plane of a lens at the laser output. Effects of shortening of the repetitive laser pulses down to 70-ns duration, stabilization of the pulse repetition period (~ 5 µs), and mode-locking temporal modulation of the pulses were observed. The use of a passive F 2 -:LiF Q-switch resulted in stable giant pulse train oscillation with total output energy of up to 0.43 J, individual pulse energy of 50 mJ, and its peak power of 4 MW at the individual pulse duration of 12 ns.