High specificity and efficiency electrochemical detection of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activity based on versatile peptide-templated copper nanoparticles and detection array

The Role of Peptides in the Design of Electrochemical Biosensors for Clinical Diagnostics

“…Another promising tumour-related biomarker is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Wang et al proposed an interesting method of labelling the peptide probe that was not based on unspecific electrostatic interactions [95]. In particular, they used peptide-templated copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) as a probe and harnessed specific covalent-like interactions between the guanidine groups of the probe and the acidic phosphate groups of PARP-1 (Figure 3a).…”

“…Apart from viruses, peptide-based sensors were also designed to monitor bacteria and toxins such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhi) [117] or endotoxin [118]. [95]; (b) signal amplification strategy based on in situ peptide self-assembly for the detection, through SWV, of Aβ oligomer by designing a sandwich with a prion protein residue (PrP) that worked as a capture and Fc-conjugated signalling probe, reprinted with permission from [106]; (c) design of the label-free detection scheme based on peptide-functionalised WS2NF/AuNPs for norovirus through EIS analysis, reprinted with permission from [115] (d) HA and avian influenza virus immobilisation at BDD electrodes in a Fc-labelled approach, reprinted with permission from [116] Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society. [95]; (b) signal amplification strategy based on in situ peptide self-assembly for the detection, through SWV, of Aβ oligomer by designing a sandwich with a prion protein residue (PrP) that worked as a capture and Fc-conjugated signalling probe, reprinted with permission from [106]; (c) design of the label-free detection scheme based on peptide-functionalised WS 2 NF/AuNPs for norovirus through EIS analysis, reprinted with permission from [115] (d) HA and avian influenza virus immobilisation at BDD electrodes in a Fc-labelled approach, reprinted with permission from [116] Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.…”

“…Figure 3. Schematic representation of some examples of peptide-based affinity platforms: (a) peptide-templated CuNPs as a probe for the detection of PARP-1, recognising and labelling PAR (PARP-1 catalysed form) by covalent-like interactions between guanidine groups and phosphate groups of PAR; quantitative determination via trace-level stripping voltammetry, reprinted with permission from[95]; (b) signal amplification strategy based on in situ peptide self-assembly for the detection, through SWV, of Aβ oligomer by designing a sandwich with a prion protein residue (PrP) that worked as a capture and Fc-conjugated signalling probe, reprinted with permission from[106]; (c) design of the label-free detection scheme based on peptide-functionalised WS 2 NF/AuNPs for norovirus through EIS analysis, reprinted with permission from[115] (d) HA and avian influenza virus immobilisation at BDD electrodes in a Fc-labelled approach, reprinted with permission from[116] Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.…”

Assay technologies facilitating drug discovery for ADP‐ribosyl writers, readers and erasers

“…Used for the discovery of first-generation PARP inhibitors; radioactivity reduces practicality and scintillation counting limits throughput; Fluorescence UV absorbance 384-well plates Chemical conversion of NAD + ; can be applied for enzymes consuming NAD + ; inexpensive, commonly available reagents; protein concentration needed may limit sensitivity; requires a fume hood for chemical conversion; homogeneous [38][39][40] Voltammetry 48-hole glass chip An electrochemical sensor for generated poly-ADP-ribose; phosphate-guanidine interaction provides more intensity and selectivity; requires copper loaded nanoparticles and instruments accordingly [41] Fluorescence 384-well plates Homogeneous assay; Etheno-NAD + analog required; NAD + analog may not be accepted as a substrate by all ART enzymes [42][43][44] TR-FRET 384-well plates Homogeneous assay; time delay reduces interfering fluorescent compounds; detection limited for cysteine ADP-ribosylation of a specific peptide; requires specific reagents [45] Colorimetric Fluorescence…”

“…A nanoparticle PARP1 assay has been evaluated by Wang and coworkers. [41] This assay is based on synthetic peptide-templated copper nanoparticles forming an interaction with phosphate groups, which are plentiful in PAR chains. Array plates are modified by dsDNA followed by addition of NAD + and PARP1.…”