“…Moreover, engineering activities that do include math often do so minimally and/or simplistically. In one study of high school students in an engineering class, 36% of their time was spent on math-related tasks, a significant time allotment (computer-aided design and sketching consumed the remaining time) [27]. Yet of this dedicated math time, 23% was categorized as "description" (quantifying dimensions and calculating costs), 9% as "function" (typically simplistic, such as calculating area), and just 4% as "explanation" (informing design decisions).…”