“…Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers unsurpassed high temporal resolution and provides quantitative hemodynamic information for both oxyhemoglobin ( HbO 2 ) and deoxyhemoglobin ( HbR ), which plays an important role in the in vivo study of cognitive processing in the human brain (Jobsis, 1977; Cope and Delpy, 1988; Hoshi, 2003; Singh et al, 2005; Huppert et al, 2009; Ye et al, 2009; Yuan et al, 2010a,b; Brunno et al, 2011; Egetemeir et al, 2011; Gagnon et al, 2012; Yuan, in press). Similar to its fNIRS counterpart, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is also a non-invasive imaging method that measures the hemodynamic responses to even-related neural activity with excellent spatial resolution and low temporal resolution.…”