High-Resolution Slab Gel Isoelectric Focusing: Methods for Quantitative Electrophoretic Transfer and Immunodetection of Proteins as Applied to the Study of the Multiple Isoelectric Forms of Ornithine Decarboxylase

IEF is a high-resolution separation method taking place in a medium with continuous pH gradients, which can be set up by applying electrical field to the liquid in a diverging microchannel. The axial variation of the channel cross-sectional area will induce nonuniform Joule heating and set up temperature gradient, which will generate pH gradient when proper medium is used. In order to operationally control the thermally generated pH gradients, fundamental understanding of heat transfer phenomena in microfluidic chips with diverging microchannels must be improved. In this paper, two 3-D numerical models are presented to study heat transfer in diverging microchannels, with static and moving liquid, respectively. Through simulation, the temperature distribution for the entire chip has been revealed, including both liquid and solid regions. The model for the static liquid scenario has been compared with published results for validation. Parametric studies have showed that the channel geometry has significant effects on the peak temperature location, and the electrical conductivity of the medium and the wall boundary convection have effects on the generated temperature gradients and thus the generated pH gradients. The solution to the continuous flow model, where the medium convection is considered, shows that liquid convection has significant effects on temperature distribution and the peak temperature location.

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Multisite Phosphorylation of Ornithine Decarboxylase in Transformed Macrophages Results in Increased Intracellular Enzyme Stability and Catalytic Efficiency

Reddy¹,

Mcllheran

Cochran

et al. 1996

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the initial inducible enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. In the transformed macrophage-derived RAW264 cell line, ODC was overproduced and existed in both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms. To date, the only protein kinase known to phosphorylate mammalian ODC is casein kinase II (CKII). ODC was phosphorylated in vitro by CKII and subjected to exhaustive sequential proteolysis with trypsin and V8 protease. Two-dimensional peptide mapping showed only a single phosphopeptide; two-dimensional phosphoamino acid analysis of the phosphopeptide revealed only 32 P-labeled serine. ODC was metabolically radiolabeled with 32 P i in RAW264 cells and also subjected to proteolysis, two-dimensional peptide mapping, and phosphoamino acid analysis. Two phosphopeptides were generated from the metabolically radiolabeled ODC, including one that migrated similarly to the peptide phosphorylated by CKII in vitro. Each of the in situ radiolabeled ODC peptides contained both 32 P-labeled serine and threonine residues. Thus, in RAW264 cells, ODC is phosphorylated on at least one serine residue in addition to that phosphorylated by CKII and on at least two threonine residues. Phosphorylated ODC had an increased stability to intracellular proteolysis compared with unphosphorylated ODC, their half-lives being 49.2 ؎ 3.78 and 23.9 ؎ 2.6 min (p ‫؍‬ 0.001), respectively. The phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of ODC were independently purified to homogeneity. Kinetic analysis revealed that the catalytic efficiency of the phosphorylated form of ODC was 50% greater than that of the unphosphorylated form; the unphosphorylated ODC had a V max of 20.54 ؎ 1.65 mol/min/mg, whereas the phosphorylated form had a V max of 30.61 ؎ 2.6 mol/min/mg (p ‫؍‬ 0.005). Phosphorylation of ODC by CKII has no effect on enzyme activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that regulation of ODC activity is governed by as yet unidentified protein kinases.Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) 1 is the initial rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Putrescine, the product of ODC catalysis, and the subsequent metabolic pathway products spermidine and spermine are small aliphatic nitrogenous bases that fulfill structural and regulatory roles in protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis and function (1). Cellular ODC activity increases rapidly and transiently in response to trophic, proliferative, or toxic stimuli (2). Both somatic cell genetic and pharmacologic experimental approaches have demonstrated that expression of ODC is essential for cell growth. Regulation of enzyme expression at the levels of DNA transcription, mRNA translation, and protein turnover have been described (for reviews, see Refs. 3 and 4). However, little is known about potential posttranslational regulation of ODC.Multiple forms of ODC protein occur in a variety of cells and tissues. Anion exchange chromatography resolves several peaks of ODC activity in extracts prepared from calf liver (5), rat thymus and kidney (6), rat he...

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High-Resolution Slab Gel Isoelectric Focusing: Methods for Quantitative Electrophoretic Transfer and Immunodetection of Proteins as Applied to the Study of the Multiple Isoelectric Forms of Ornithine Decarboxylase

Cited by 4 publications

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Solubilization of proteins for electrophoretic analyses

Solubilization of proteins for electrophoretic analyses

Study of Joule heating effects on temperature gradient in diverging microchannels for isoelectric focusing applications

Multisite Phosphorylation of Ornithine Decarboxylase in Transformed Macrophages Results in Increased Intracellular Enzyme Stability and Catalytic Efficiency

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