“…As a result, a pressure-only measurement cannot be used to evaluate impact in terms of absolute particle motion threshold; still, it can be used to assess impact in terms of trends, that is, showing that a specific response increases (or decreases) when both PE and KE increase (or decrease). To empirically illustrate this behavior, we acquired particle motion and pressure data associated with decreasing source-level drilling sound in December 2021, by using a vector sensor of the Sercel company based on the micro electro-mechanical system QuietSeis™ accelerometer sensor (Fougerat et al 2018) and a traditional hydrophone, respectively. We considered a series of five drilling sounds that were emitted in the tank, with source level (SL) decreasing by about 1 dB from one signal to the next, leading to a 4 dB decrease over the whole sequence.…”
Author Contribution Statement: F.O. conceived the experimental system and design, supervised and participated to the experiments, wrote the original draft, and reviewed the manuscript. M.G. conducted the experiments, acquired biological and acoustic data, performed their analyses, and reviewed the manuscript. D.M. performed initial acoustic recording, helped in their analyses, and reviewed the manuscript. Y.J. helped in acoustic recording and contributed to the manuscript review. T.M. supervised fatty acid analysis, contributed to results interpretation and manuscript review. C.L. provide the vector sensor and analyzed the particle motion data. L.C. conceived the experimental system, contributed to results interpretational, led the project administration and funding acquisition, and reviewed the manuscript. J.B.: supervised the acoustics analyses, contributed to results interpretation, and reviewed the manuscript.
“…As a result, a pressure-only measurement cannot be used to evaluate impact in terms of absolute particle motion threshold; still, it can be used to assess impact in terms of trends, that is, showing that a specific response increases (or decreases) when both PE and KE increase (or decrease). To empirically illustrate this behavior, we acquired particle motion and pressure data associated with decreasing source-level drilling sound in December 2021, by using a vector sensor of the Sercel company based on the micro electro-mechanical system QuietSeis™ accelerometer sensor (Fougerat et al 2018) and a traditional hydrophone, respectively. We considered a series of five drilling sounds that were emitted in the tank, with source level (SL) decreasing by about 1 dB from one signal to the next, leading to a 4 dB decrease over the whole sequence.…”
Author Contribution Statement: F.O. conceived the experimental system and design, supervised and participated to the experiments, wrote the original draft, and reviewed the manuscript. M.G. conducted the experiments, acquired biological and acoustic data, performed their analyses, and reviewed the manuscript. D.M. performed initial acoustic recording, helped in their analyses, and reviewed the manuscript. Y.J. helped in acoustic recording and contributed to the manuscript review. T.M. supervised fatty acid analysis, contributed to results interpretation and manuscript review. C.L. provide the vector sensor and analyzed the particle motion data. L.C. conceived the experimental system, contributed to results interpretational, led the project administration and funding acquisition, and reviewed the manuscript. J.B.: supervised the acoustics analyses, contributed to results interpretation, and reviewed the manuscript.
“…However, the offer of commercial MEMS is very wide and new products with increased performance are continuously released, making it pretty easy to choose the sensor with the desired requirements for earthquake observation and structural monitoring systems. The effectiveness of several commercial MEMS has been proved by means of various validation techniques [22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Many studies focused on the accelerometers integrated in the smartphones just because of their large diffusion, even though these are not the best-performing [29,30,31,32,33].…”
Section: Application Of Capacitive Mems Accelerometers To Seismologymentioning
MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) sensors enable a vast range of applications: among others, the use of MEMS accelerometers for seismology related applications has been emerging considerably in the last decade. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the capacitive MEMS accelerometers: from the physical functioning principles, to the details of the technical precautions, and to the manufacturing procedures. We introduce the applications within seismology and earth sciences related disciplines, namely: earthquake observation and seismological studies, seismic surveying and imaging, structural health monitoring of buildings. Moreover, we describe how the use of the miniaturized technologies is revolutionizing these fields and we present some cutting edge applications that, in the very last years, are taking advantage from the use of MEMS sensors, such as rotational seismology and gravity measurements. In a ten-year outlook, the capability of MEMS sensors will certainly improve through the optimization of existing technologies, the development of new materials, and the implementation of innovative production processes. In particular, the next generation of MEMS seismometers could be capable of reaching a noise floor under the lower seismic noise (few tenths of ng/ H z ) and expanding the bandwidth towards lower frequencies (∼0.01 Hz).
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