High proportions of <scp>FOXP</scp>3<sup>+</sup><scp>CD</scp>25<sup>high</sup> T cells in neonates are positively associated with allergic sensitization later in childhood

Strömbeck, Anna; Rabe, Hardis; Ac, Lundell; Andersson, Kerstin; Johansen, Susanne; Adlerberth, Ingegerd; Wold, Agnes E.; Hesselmar, Bill; Rudin, Anna

doi:10.1111/cea.12290

Cited by 26 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As previously reported in the FARMFLORA birth cohort, a lower prevalence of allergy at 3 years of age was observed in the farm children compared to the rural resident non-farm children [3]. Only one farm child was allergic at 3 years of age, as compared with ten in the non-farm group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

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Late introduction of fish and eggs is associated with increased risk of allergy development – results from the FARMFLORA birth cohort

Jönsson

Barman

Brekke

et al. 2017

Food & Nutrition Research

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The prevalence of allergy is markedly low in children growing up on farms. An increasing number of studies indicate that the timing of food introduction may affect allergy development. We aimed to investigate if protection against allergy in farm environments may be mediated through differences in food-introduction practices between farm and non-farm families, using an explorative approach. Twenty-eight farm and 37 non-farm children were included in the FARMFLORA birth cohort. Practices of breastfeeding and introduction of formulas and complementary foods were collected by questionnaires at 6, 12, and 18 months of age. Allergy was diagnosed by pediatricians at 3 years of age. The only difference in food-introduction practices observed between farm and non-farm children was an earlier introduction of nuts in farmers (median month: 11 [IQR: 8–6] in farmers, 15 [12–19] in non-farmers). One farm child (4%) and 10 non-farm children (27%) were allergic at 3 years of age. Lower risk of allergy development was associated with early exclusive breastfeeding (continuous variable; OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39–0.89), but also having received eggs (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.13–0.54) and fish (logistic regression not applicable, P = 0.01 in likelihood ratio testing [χ2]) at 10 months of age or earlier compared to later. Our results were not affected by reverse causation, as judged by a questionnaire sent to the families in retrospect. Timing of introduction of complementary foods is unlikely to contribute to the lower risk of allergy among farm children. Although early exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a lower rate of allergy development, postponed introduction of complementary foods might increase the risk of developing allergy. Owing to the limited sample size, our results are only indicative, but support prior findings.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Children growing up on small dairy farms have a remarkably low incidence of allergy compared with other children growing up in rural environments, but not on a farm [1–3]. Frequent contact with livestock and fodder [4] and consumption of unpasteurized milk [5] have been associated with protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late introduction of fish and eggs is associated with increased risk of allergy development – results from the FARMFLORA birth cohort

Jönsson

Barman

Brekke

et al. 2017

Food & Nutrition Research

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“…Sensitization (production of IgE antibodies as reflected in skin prick test) was inversely related to regular animal contact but not linked to a specific food item (8). Accordingly, we found no relation between dietary fats and the degree of sensitization in our study (data not shown) and sensitization was equally prevalent in the farming and nonfarming group (11).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…One of 28 (4%) farm children and 10 of 37 (32%) nonfarm children developed allergy at 3 y of age (Table 1), which has previously been reported (11). We compared the diet during pregnancy of mothers of allergic and healthy children, as well as breast milk fatty acid composition.…”

Section: Diet and Breast Milk Fatty Acid Pattern In Mothers Of Healthmentioning

confidence: 94%

Fat intake and breast milk fatty acid composition in farming and nonfarming women and allergy development in the offspring

et al. 2015

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Background: Children growing up on small family farms are at much lower risk of developing allergy than other children. We hypothesized that low intake of margarine and polyunsaturated fats among farming families could contribute to this protection. Methods: Twenty-eight mother-infant pairs living on small dairy farms and 37 nonfarm rural resident pairs were recruited in the FARMFLORA birth cohort. Food items expected to affect dietary fat composition were recorded by food frequency questionnaires during pregnancy and by 24-h recalls followed by 24-h food diaries during lactation. Allergy was diagnosed by doctors, using strict predefined criteria. Maternal diet and breast milk fat composition were compared between farming and nonfarming mothers and related to children's allergy at age 3 y. results: Farming mothers consumed more butter, whole milk, saturated fat, and total fat than nonfarming mothers, who consumed more margarine, oils, and low-fat milk. Farming mothers' breast milk contained higher proportions of saturated and lower proportions of polyunsaturated fat. Allergy was eight times more common in nonfarm children. Mothers of allergic children consumed more margarine and oils than mothers of nonallergic children. conclusion: Low maternal consumption of margarine and vegetable oils might contribute to the allergy-preventive effect of growing up on small dairy farms.

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“…18 Further, the risk of developing allergy is lower among farmers' children compared with non-farmers' children. 18, 19, 20 …”

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confidence: 99%

Earlier infantile immune maturation is related to higher DTP vaccine responses in children

et al. 2016

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There are large inter-individual variations in vaccine-specific antibody responses in children. We sought to investigate whether early-life environmental factors and/or adaptive immune maturation were related to diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis (DTP) vaccine-specific antibody levels at 18 months of age. In the prospective FARMFLORA birth-cohort, including both farming and non-farming families, children were immunized with DTP vaccine at 3, 5 and 12 months of age. DTP vaccine-induced antibody levels were measured in plasma at 18 months of age. Infants' blood samples obtained at birth, 3–5 days, 4, 18 and 36 months and at 8 years of age were analyzed for total CD4+ T- and B-cell counts, proportions of naïve and memory T and B cells, and fractions of putative regulatory T cells by flow cytometry. Multivariate factor analysis was used to examine associations between immune variables and vaccine responses. The most apparent multivariate pattern was that higher anti-DTP antibody titers at 18 months of age were associated with lower infantile total counts of T and B cells in the blood. Furthermore, lower infantile total T- and B-cell blood counts were associated with higher proportions of circulating CD45RO+ memory T cells and to lower proportions of α4β7+ naïve T cells later in childhood. The multivariate findings were corroborated in univariate correlation analyses. Sex, delivery mode and dairy farm exposure were unrelated to the magnitude of DTP-specific antibody responses. Our results thus suggest that children with a more mature/activated infantile adaptive immunity respond with higher vaccine-induced anti-DTP antibody levels at 18 months of age.

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High proportions of FOXP3⁺CD25^high T cells in neonates are positively associated with allergic sensitization later in childhood

Cited by 26 publications

References 37 publications

Late introduction of fish and eggs is associated with increased risk of allergy development – results from the FARMFLORA birth cohort

Late introduction of fish and eggs is associated with increased risk of allergy development – results from the FARMFLORA birth cohort

Fat intake and breast milk fatty acid composition in farming and nonfarming women and allergy development in the offspring

Earlier infantile immune maturation is related to higher DTP vaccine responses in children

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High proportions of FOXP3+CD25high T cells in neonates are positively associated with allergic sensitization later in childhood

Cited by 26 publications

References 37 publications

Late introduction of fish and eggs is associated with increased risk of allergy development – results from the FARMFLORA birth cohort

Late introduction of fish and eggs is associated with increased risk of allergy development – results from the FARMFLORA birth cohort

Fat intake and breast milk fatty acid composition in farming and nonfarming women and allergy development in the offspring

Earlier infantile immune maturation is related to higher DTP vaccine responses in children

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High proportions of FOXP3⁺CD25^high T cells in neonates are positively associated with allergic sensitization later in childhood