High prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension among men in North Central Nigeria: Results from the Healthy Beginning Initiative

Abstract

Background The prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria is high and growing. The burden and risk factor distribution also vary by geographical zone. Information about prevalence, risk factors and disease status awareness are needed to guide evidence based public health response at the national and sub- national levels. Purpose This paper describes the prevalence of hypertension and its correlates, as well as hypertension status awareness among men in North Central, Nigeria. Methods A cross sectional survey was administered to male partners of pregnant women participating in the Healthy Beginning Initiative program from 2016–2018. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors, physical measurement and blood pressure readings were collected using a standardized protocol. Data was analyzed with simple and multiple logistic regression. Results The 6,538 men had a median age of 31 years [IQR: 26–37]. The prevalence of hypertension was 23.3% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.4%), while 46.7% had prehypertension. The odds of hypertension was associated with increasing age (OR:1.02, CI:1.01–1.03), being overweight (aOR:1.5,CI:1.3–1.8), being obese (aOR:2.6,CI:2.0–3.3), living in an urban area (aOR:1.6,CI:1.2–2.1), and alcohol use in the 30 days prior (aOR:1.2,CI:1.1–1.4). Overall, 4.5% (297/6,528) of participants had ever been told they have hypertension. Among the 23.3% (1,527/6,528) with hypertension, 7.1% (109/1,527) were aware of their disease status. Men aged 41–50 years (aOR: 1.8, CI: 1.0–3.3), and > 50 years (aOR: 2.2, CI: 1.1–4.3), had higher odds disease status awareness. Living in an urban area was associated with lower odds (aOR: 0.2, CI: 0.03–0.7) of hypertension status awareness. Conclusion This study showed that hypertension is already a significant public health burden in this population and that disease awareness level is very low. Alcohol use and obesity were associated with hypertension, highlighting some modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors that are prevalent in the study population. Taken together, these findings can inform the design of interventions for primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention in Nigeria and similar settings.

Undiagnosed hypertension in Peru: analysis of associated factors and socioeconomic inequalities, 2019

“…In the Peruvian population, a higher prevalence of hypertension has also been reported in men [ 35 , 36 ]. The higher probability of having undiagnosed hypertension in men could be explained by their lower awareness of hypertension as described in the literature [ 37 , 38 ]. In addition, it is reported that men have less adequate control of hypertension and blood pressure, which would explain the higher proportion of complications and death from cerebrovascular diseases in men, with hypertension leading among the main risk factors for death in the world.…”

Prevalence of Undiagnosed Hypertension and Associated Factors among Adults in Mizan Aman Town, Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study

“…At least two visits were made for those study participants whose BP was elevated at the rst contact. According to the WHO guideline, a participant with systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90mmHg will be diagnosed as a HTN case (19).…”

“…Undiagnosed HTN: adults (aged 18 years and above) will be considered undiagnosed for HTN if, at the time of the survey, he or she was diagnosed as hypertensive (SBP ≥140mmHg or DBP ≥90mmHg) but never took any prescribed antihypertensive medicine to lower or control blood pressure and was never been told by a health professional that they have HTN before this study (19).…”

Building a national framework for multicentre research and clinical trials: experience from the Nigeria Implementation Science Alliance

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