“…VDD has recently been recognized as a serious and widespread problem, especially in the Middle East and North Africa, despite the abundance of sunlight in these areas (Bassil et al, 2013;Chakhtoura et al, 2018;van Schoor & Lips, 2011). According to recent studies, the prevalence of VDD was high in Middle Eastern countries, with percentages of 53-71.2% between 2016(Al-Alyani et al, 2018Al-Dabhani et al, 2017;Botros et al, 2019;El-Khateeb et al, 2019;Khalife et al, 2017;Riaz et al, 2016;Tabrizi et al, 2018). The prevalence of VDD (<20 ng/mL) was 60% in Saudi Arabia (Al-Alyani et al, 2018); 71% in Jordan (El-Khateeb et al, 2019); 58% in Lebanon (Khalife et al, 2017); 67% in Egypt (Botros et al, 2019); 64% in Qatar (Al-Dabhani et al, 2017); 66.58% in Iran (Tabrizi et al, 2018); and 53.5% in Pakistan (Riaz et al, 2016).…”