High Prevalence of Poor Iron Status Among 8- to 16-Year-Old Youth Athletes: Interactions Among Biomarkers of Iron, Dietary Intakes, and Biological Maturity

Shoemaker, Marni E.; Gillen, Zachary M.; McKay, Brianna D.; Koehler, Karsten; Cramer, Joel T.

doi:10.1080/07315724.2019.1621229

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Iron deficiency anemia is thought to be apparent once hemoglobin concentrations become compromised, with diagnostic thresholds below 11.5-12 g•dL −1 commonly used. The incidence of iron deficiency non-anemia is reported as 24-47% of female and 0-17% of male athletes [32]; however, rates as high as 86% of female youth athletes from a mixed-sport cohort have been reported [33]. The higher incidence of iron deficiency observed in females has been attributed to the increased iron losses associated with menstruation [34].…”

Section: Why Are Adequate Iron Stores Necessary For Athletes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability

et al. 2020

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The provision or restriction of select nutrients in an athlete’s diet can elicit a variety of changes in fuel utilization, training adaptation, and performance outcomes. Furthermore, nutrient availability can also influence athlete health, with one key system of interest being iron metabolism. The aim of this review was to synthesize the current evidence examining the impact of dietary manipulations on the iron regulatory response to exercise. Specifically, we assessed the impact of both acute and chronic carbohydrate (CHO) restriction on iron metabolism, with relevance to contemporary sports nutrition approaches, including models of periodized CHO availability and ketogenic low CHO high fat diets. Additionally, we reviewed the current evidence linking poor iron status and altered hepcidin activity with low energy availability in athletes. A cohesive understanding of these interactions guides nutritional recommendations for athletes struggling to maintain healthy iron stores, and highlights future directions and knowledge gaps specific to elite athletes.

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Section: Why Are Adequate Iron Stores Necessary For Athletes?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability

et al. 2020

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“…Dietary iron is an essential nutrient for human health and for maintaining athletes’ performance [ 45 ]. Low levels of iron have commonly been found, above all, in female, mainly young, athletes with low caloric or iron intakes, and consequently, these athletes have hematological indices below the reference values [ 46 , 47 ]. In the present study, and in spite of the decrease observed after the first measurements were taken, iron intake was slightly above the recommended values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar results have been obtained in previous studies involving gymnasts [ 16 , 48 ], suggesting that gymnasts do not commonly present alterations in iron metabolism, and there is a low incidence of depletion in iron stores [ 16 , 48 , 49 ]. However, others have reported that poor iron status is commonly found in female athletes in general [ 46 ] and in young female athletes in particular [ 46 ]. In the present study, it is possible that the high intakes of eggs and meat, together with the beneficious interaction between iron and vitamin C intakes [ 17 ], induced a healthier iron status than that found in previous studies [ 46 , 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, others have reported that poor iron status is commonly found in female athletes in general [ 46 ] and in young female athletes in particular [ 46 ]. In the present study, it is possible that the high intakes of eggs and meat, together with the beneficious interaction between iron and vitamin C intakes [ 17 ], induced a healthier iron status than that found in previous studies [ 46 , 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional Status and Implementation of a Nutritional Education Program in Young Female Artistic Gymnasts

et al. 2021

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Adolescent high-performance gymnasts are considered to be at risk for low energy intake. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of implementing a nutritional education program during the sports season on the nutritional status and nutrition knowledge of the female artistic gymnasts from the Technification Center of the Balearic Islands (n = 24; age, 14.1 ± 2.3 years). A quasi-experimental intervention design was applied, which consisted of implementing a nutritional education program of seven sessions given during eight months. Measurements of nutritional intake, nutrition knowledge, and anthropometric parameters, as well as hematological and biochemical blood parameters, were performed. Gymnasts reported low energy and carbohydrate intakes, with significant increases during the study (energy, 28.3 ± 1.4 vs. 32.8 ± 1.4 kcal kg−1, p = 0.015, carbohydrate 3.20 ± 0.20 vs. 3.92 ± 0.22 g kg−1, p = 0.004). The average values for parameters such as hemoglobin, ferritin, lipoprotein, and vitamin C and E levels in the plasma were within normal ranges. Low intakes of most of the food groups were observed during the study, with similar initial and final values. Nutrition knowledge did not change as a result of the study (28.0 ± 1.7 vs. 31.1 ± 1.3, p = 0.185). In conclusion, gymnasts reported low energy intakes. However, blood markers and most of the anthropometrical parameters measured were within normal ranges. The nutrition education program implemented did not produce significant improvements in the dietary habits or nutritional knowledge of gymnasts.

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“…Coates A, in a year 2017 done a study with 38 elite Canadian runners and triathletes who were undergone routine blood tests over 7 years stated that, even on oral iron supplements, prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is very common, and for the first time ever reported in the sports medicine literature, iron deficiency anemia was more common in male than in female endurance athletes [16] To support this study Kim JH et al states that occurrence of cardiac arrest in marathons and half marathons was about 1 per 184,000 runners, higher in male than female and in a marathon than half marathons the mortality rate from these collapses was about 70% [17] , Another study by Roberts WO et al agreed that risk for sudden cardiac arrest is greater in men than women [18] , where our study has done exclusively for males to which found that about 30.2% has a higher risk to have less physical performance since, because of anemia. Marni E. Shoemaker et al has done a study on High Prevalence of Poor Iron Status Among 8-to 16-Year-old youth athletes in 2019 showed that approximately half (48%) of their sample was anemic, 53% of girls and 46% of boys [19] . Similarly, our study reviles that the prevalence of anemia is higher among regularly practicing athletes about 50% of the males aged between 15-31 are anemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of anemia among male athletes

Rajalakshmy¹,

Sugumar²

2021

Int. J. Physiol. Nutr. Phys. Educ.

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Background: Athletes deserve an attention because; anemia is an important disease in athletes because the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the peripheral blood is strongly related to physical performance. Iron deficiency anemia, in particular, causes easy fatigability and decreased performance in athletes. The objective of the present study was to explore the prevalence of anemia among athletes who are undergoing regular athletic practices. Materials and Methods: A total 52 male athletes between the ages of 15-31 years practicing in IG stadium and sports complex, Puducherry were included for the study by using purposive sampling method, A pre-test self administrable questionnaire was used to elicit information on socio-demographic profile, dietary and life style practices. Anthropometric measurement like, height, weight was taken and biochemical assessment using cynmethemoglobin to find out haemoglobin level. Results: A study covers 52 Male Athlete population aged between 15-31 years, about 50.2% were founded to be an anaemic, of which 6% were severe anemic, 29.2% moderate and 14.9% with mild anemia, To mention about BMI nearly 57.7% were within under normal limits (18.5-24.9); 25% were underweight and 17.3% overweight. However, the Pearson Correlation reveals that there no statistical association seen between age, BMI and there haemoglobin level. Conclusion:It can be concluded that one half of sample covered anemic (50.2%) out of which 35.2% were either with moderate or severe anemia which cannot be ignored, therefore there is crucial need for to conclude this situation with appropriate diet supplement and nutrition education to improve their field performance.

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High Prevalence of Poor Iron Status Among 8- to 16-Year-Old Youth Athletes: Interactions Among Biomarkers of Iron, Dietary Intakes, and Biological Maturity

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Iron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability

Iron Metabolism: Interactions with Energy and Carbohydrate Availability

Nutritional Status and Implementation of a Nutritional Education Program in Young Female Artistic Gymnasts

Prevalence of anemia among male athletes

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