High prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its related risk factors in rural areas of Northeast Thailand

Abstract

In Thailand, chronic kidney disease (CKD) screening was reported in 2009 with an overall prevalence of 17.5% and the highest at 22.2% in the northeastern region. This study aimed to find out CKD prevalence of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria and their related risk factors in the rural community. A population-based study was conducted in the rural sub-districts of northeastern Thailand. Data of socio-demographic status, lifestyle, underlying diseases, blood pressure, and body mass index were recorded. Blood and urine analysis was conducted along with ultrasonography of kidneys. Specimen collection and analyses were repeated after 3 months, and the factors associated with CKD were studied by logistic regression analysis. A total of 2205 participants with a mean age of 57.8 ± 11.7 years and female predominance (66.7%) completed the study. The prevalence of CKD was 26.8%, i.e., stages 1 (7.3%); stage 2 (9.0%); stage 3a (6.0%); stage 3b (2.8%); stage 4 (1.4%); and stage 5 (0.3%). Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and renal stones were the major underlying diseases. Only 3.5% of the participants were aware of having CKD. An increase in age, male, unemployment, current smoking, diabetes, hypertension, underweight, anemia, hyperuricemia, and leukocytosis were significantly associated factors with the disease. The study revealed that CKD has developed as a significant public health problem in rural northeastern Thailand and one out of every four people has CKD. Therefore, early interventions are essential for the proper management and prevention of CKD.

Could METS-VF provide a clue as to the formation of kidney stones?

“…Various metabolic imbalances (e.g. hyperparathyroidism, hypercortisolism, hyperglycemia), lack of physical activity, lack of essential vitamins and minerals ( 3 )(such as Vitamin B6 and magnesium), blockage of the urinary tract, infection, foreign objects, and drug use are all potential causes of kidney stone formation ( 4 , 5 ). Though the symptoms of kidney stones may be less visible than those of urolithiasis, they can be more severe and can significantly reduce a patient’s quality of life, with the possibility of developing hematuria, pain, urinary tract infection, and renal dysfunction ( 6 ).…”

Mapping Knowledge Structure and Themes Trends of Trace elements and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Bibliometric Analysis

“…Previous investigations have linked the association of trace elements with complications of CKD such as anemia [10], mental fatigue [11], skin infection, etc [12]. Their role in disease progression has also been reported [13].…”

Exploring patient delay in people with chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study

“…[6] The failure of patients with CKD in seeking early intervention can lead to a dramatic rise in treatment expenses, a high mortality and disability rate, anxiety or depression, and place an immense burden on their families, society, and healthcare. [7][8][9] CKD has grown to be one of the most significant public health issues affecting human health. [10] In recent years, research on patient delay behavior has gained prominence in the field of patient management.…”