High-Pressure Inactivation of Rotaviruses: Role of Treatment Temperature and Strain Diversity in Virus Inactivation

Abstract

c Rotavirus (RV) is the major etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide. Although high-pressure processing (HPP) is a popular method to inactivate enteric pathogens in food, the sensitivity of different virus strains within same species and serotype to HPP is variable. This study aimed to compare the barosensitivities of seven RV strains derived from four serotypes (serotype G1, strains Wa, Ku, and K8; serotype G2, strain S2; serotype G3, strains SA-11 and YO; and serotype G4, strain ST3) following high-pressure treatment. RV strains showed various responses to HPP based on the initial temperature and had different inactivation profiles. Ku, K8, S2, SA-11, YO, and ST3 showed enhanced inactivation at 4°C compared to 20°C. In contrast, strain Wa was not significantly impacted by the initial treatment temperature. Within serotype G1, strain Wa was significantly (P < 0.05) more resistant to HPP than strains Ku and K8. Overall, the resistance of the human RV strains to HPP at 4°C can be ranked as Wa > Ku ‫؍‬ K8 > S2 > YO > ST3, and in terms of serotype the ranking is G1 > G2 > G3 > G4. In addition, pressure treatment of 400 MPa for 2 min was sufficient to eliminate the Wa strain, the most pressure-resistant RV, from oyster tissues. HPP disrupted virion structure but did not degrade viral protein or RNA, providing insight into the mechanism of viral inactivation by HPP. In conclusion, HPP is capable of inactivating RV at commercially acceptable pressures, and the efficacy of inactivation is strain dependent. R otavirus (RV) is the major etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis in infants worldwide (1, 2). RVs are estimated to cause nearly 500,000 deaths annually among children (3, 4). The virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, and contaminated water and food are common vehicles for infections (1,5,6). RV belongs to the genus Rotavirus, subfamily Sedoreovirinae, and family Reoviridae. There are eight species (groups) of rotavirus, referred to as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. Humans are infected primarily by species A, B, and C, most commonly by species A. Rotavirus species A can be further divided into different serotypes. RV is a segmented double-stranded RNA virus with a triple-layer icosahedral capsid. The outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7) and the spike protein (VP4) differentiate RVs into 14 G (glycoprotein) serotypes and 27 different P (protease sensitivity) genotypes (1, 3, 4). Currently, five serotypes (G1 to G4 and G9) are the predominant circulating viruses, accounting for almost 95% of strains worldwide (1). Recently, commercial RV vaccines have been used in children to provide immunity against the most commonly circulating strains (4). Despite major efforts, RV outbreaks still occur worldwide due to the high genetic diversity of RVs and lack of cross-protection (2, 7-9). Therefore, alternative strategies for the prevention of RV infection must be established.Enteric viruses are a leading cause of foodborne illnesses. Within foodborne viruses, human norovirus (NoV), rotaviruses (RVs...

Carbon dots for effective photodynamic inactivation of virus

“…46 Other direct antiviral methods may physically destroy/ break viral capsid, such as high pressure, radiation, and the action of some nanoparticles. [47][48][49][50] The photodynamic inactivation (PDI) as an antiviral approach exploits the function of photosensitizers under light illumination to generate ROS to attack viral envelope lipids, core proteins, capsid, and nucleic acid, leading to the loss of virus infectivity. 51 CDots due to their unique photoexcited state properties and processes represent a new class of particularly effective PDI agents, as already demonstrated in their visible/natural light-activated actions against bacterial cells, are expected to be similarly effective antiviral PDI agents (Fig.…”

Effect of High Pressure Processing on the Microbial Inactivation in Fruit Preparations and Other Vegetable Based Beverages

“…It has been shown that the resistance of viruses to pressure changes greatly, is largely determined by their structure [29], and is related to the taxonomic groups or even strains, and the temperature applied during pressurization [85]. Enveloped viruses are usually more sensitive to pressure treatments than naked viruses.…”

Roles of Vegetable Surface Properties and Sanitizer Type on Annual Disease Burden of Rotavirus Illness by Consumption of Rotavirus‐Contaminated Fresh Vegetables: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment

“…There are numerous RV strains, and it is not financially or time‐wise possible to conduct risk assessments for all the strains. Thus, to make a representative and conservative scenario for RV, we have chosen RV strain OSU, which is known as one of the most resistant RV strains (Araud et al., ; Araud, Shisler, & Nguyen, ; Fuzawa, Araud, Li, Shisler, & Nguyen, ; Romero‐Maraccini et al., ).…”