High Power Klystrons:  Theory and Practice at the Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterPart I

Caryotakis, G.

doi:10.2172/839705

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A klystron usually consists of an electron gun, a resonance cavity (or several cavities) and a collector or reflector. In a typical generation klystron, which is the reflex klystron [16]. Klystrons are stable sources of electromagnetic radiation, which can be successfully used in EPR spectroscopy [17].…”

Section: Klystronmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microwave Sources for EPR Spectroscopy

Hruszowiec¹,

Nowak

Szlachetko

et al. 2017

JTIT

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Abstract-Rapid development of many scientific and technical disciplines, especially in material science and material engineering increases a demand for quick, accurate and cheap techniques of materials investigations. The EPR spectroscopy meets these requirements and it is used in many fields of science including biology, chemistry and physics. For proper work, the EPR spectrometer needs a microwave source, which are reviewed in this paper. Vacuum tubes as well as semiconductor generators are presented such as magnetron, klystron, traveling wave tube, backward wave oscillator, orotron, gyrotron, Gunn and IMPATT diodes. In this paper main advantages of gyrotron usage, such as stability and an increased spectral resolution in application to EPR spectroscopy is discussed. The most promising and reliable microwave source is suggested.

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Section: Klystronmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microwave Sources for EPR Spectroscopy

Hruszowiec¹,

Nowak

Szlachetko

et al. 2017

JTIT

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“…haystack.mit.edu/atm/mho/about/index.html) and Arecibo. Early high-power UHF klystrons were built by Eimac Corporation (ultimately a division of Varian Associates; http: //www.cpii.com/history.cfm) and then by Varian and finally by Litton (see page 14 of Caryotakis, 2005; also pages 409-410 of Buderi, 1996), who ultimately provided the tubes for the AIO transmitter. The original AIO 430 MHz transmitter system (still in use but with substantial updates) was designed and built for AIO by Levinthal Electronic Products (later Radiation at Stanford) where the project engineer was Gene E. Talmadge.…”

Section: The Aio 430 Mhz Radarmentioning

confidence: 99%

A short history of geophysical radar at Arecibo Observatory

Mathews

2013

Hist. Geo Space. Sci.

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Abstract. As Arecibo Observatory (AO) approaches its 50th anniversary, it is appropriate to review the many radars and ionospheric heaters that have been deployed on or near the 305 m dish and to summarize some of the innovative radar-based geophysical research that has resulted. The reasons William E. (Bill) Gordon developed the 305 m Arecibo dish are well known but are briefly reviewed. The early and then more recent radar/feed designs are reviewed as geophysical uses of Arecibo have evolved and as the full potential of the dish and nearby facilities was and is being realized from HF through S-band frequencies. This history surely has some gaps and there are a few mysteries. The community is encouraged to fill these gaps and to help complete the history.

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“…Klystrons are one of the most efficient linear beam microwave tubes, known for high average and peak power generation. Hence, it is widely used in the field of communication, radar, material processing, and particle accelerators for medical, industrial, and nuclear energy . Typically, klystron's functioning can be described in three sections .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, it is widely used in the field of communication, radar, material processing, and particle accelerators for medical, industrial, and nuclear energy. 1 Typically, klystron's functioning can be described in three sections. 2 First section, is the electron gun assembly which generates a focused laminar electron beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of grooved klystron collector design for efficient heat transfer

Raj

Kant

Bandyopadhyay

et al. 2019

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng

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Klystron microwave amplifiers play a vital role in addressing the increasing demands of high‐average microwave power for strategic applications such as linear accelerators, active denial technologies, radar, and so forth. Typically, klystrons have an efficiency of 50%‐60% that demands an efficient thermal design for dissipating the unused DC power in the form of spent electron beam in collector. Hence, thermal modeling of the collector for efficient heat dissipation is highly critical in design of high average power klystrons. Of several types of design, grooved collector design is widely employed so as to increase the surface area between the collector and coolant and thereby enhance heat transfer. In this article, a mathematical model and design strategy have been demonstrated to obtain the optimum dimensions, that is, height, depth, and width of fins based on film coefficient and Reynolds number. For validation, the dimensions are then simulated in a computational fluid dynamics software (ANSYS‐Fluent) demonstrating excellent agreement with the mathematical modeling. In addition, the optimum choice of grooving method (longitudinal or crossed) for the given power level has also been provided. The demonstrated strategy can also potentially be employed to other devices, which uses groove based design with water as coolant medium such as gyrotrons, plasma devices, and so forth.

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High Power Klystrons: Theory and Practice at the Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterPart I

Cited by 47 publications

References 14 publications

The Microwave Sources for EPR Spectroscopy

The Microwave Sources for EPR Spectroscopy

A short history of geophysical radar at Arecibo Observatory

Optimization of grooved klystron collector design for efficient heat transfer

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