“…In recent years, VCSELs have become ideal light sources for fields such as optical communication, optical information storage, 3D sensing, and laser radar [1][2][3][4]. With the rapid development and application of related technologies, such as medium and long-range laser radar and free-space optical communication, higher power requirements have been placed on VCSEL devices [5,6]. By increasing the aperture and the unit density of the 2D integrated array, combined with the optimal design of the p-surface metal electrodes, microstructural etching, and the introduction of an external cavity structure, VCSELs have now achieved power in the order of a few hundred milliwatts to a hundred watts [7,8].…”