High Plasma Concentration of Non-Esterified Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is a Specific Feature of Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia

The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the severity and mortality of COVID patients: A systematic review

“…Nguyen et al in France showed that the levels of Linoleic acid (C18: 2, n-6) and Arachidonic acid (C20: 4, n-6) increased in Covid-19 patients compared to healthy individuals ( p < 0.01) [27] .…”

“…According to the goals of this study, included articles was divided in 4 groups; PUFAs and risk of Covid-19 [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , PUFAs and severity of Covid-19 [27] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , PUFAs and Risk of Death Due to Covid-19 [3] , [26] , [29] , [32] , [38] , [39] , [40] and Covid-19 and receiving PUFAs [26] , [41] .…”

“… Hamulka et al (2021) [26] Worldwide and Poland First wave: 2296 Second wave: 978 Online cross-sectional ≥18 (1) in April and May 2020 (2) in November 2020 during the second wave Good Spearman rank's coefficients Omega-3 fatty acids and Worldwide : COVID-19 cases: 0.06; Deaths: 0.06 Coronavirus relative search value (RSV): − 0.74; p ≤ 0.01 Poland: COVID-19 cases: 0.21; Deaths: 0.21, coronavirus relative search value (RSV): − 0.26 - Omega-3 fatty acids supplement consumption: increase from 2.8% to 8.2% Jontez et al (2021) [41] Slovenia 38 (14 m , 24 f) web survey 36.3 ± 10.1 December 2019 Fair Mean ± SD fatty acids intake ratio (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA) in healthy Adults: Baseline 1.98 ± 1.34, During Lockdown 1.77 ± 1.20 and Post-Lockdown 1.54 ± 0.78 Julkunen et al (2021) [42] UK Pneumonia participants : n = 105,142; 102,639 controls, 2507 severe incident cases COVID-19 Participants : n = 92,725; 92,073 control, 653 severe incident cases Retrospective cohort 49–84 blood samples collected 2007–2010 Good - multi-biomarker score for fatty acids and susceptibility to severe COVID -19: odds ratio 2.9 [95%CI 2.1–3.8] for highest vs lowest quintile; p-value<0.001 Mei et al (2021) [39] China 223: 91 discharged and 132 deceased multi-center study ≥65 years old Between January and March 2020 Good - Fatty acid: lower flux in the survivors vs. the deceased subgroup, AOR = 15.61 [95% CI: 6.66–36.6], p < 0.001. Nguyen et al (2021) [27] France 61: 34 non-COVID-19,27 COVID-19 prospective non-COVID-19: 69 (± 12) COVID-19: 62 (± 11) – Good In COVID-19 patients vs. non-COVID-19 patients: - Linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6): significantly increased 207 ± 109 vs. 113 ± 67 nmol/ml; p < 0.01. - Arachidonic ac...…”

A global lipid map reveals host dependency factors conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants

“…There are many preliminary lines of evidence suggesting that manipulation of host lipids may be a fundamental feature of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several lipids and lipid-associated proteins have been identified as biomarkers of infection, including VLDL and HDL particles (8) , steroid hormones and various apolipoproteins (9) , while both elevated triacylglycerol (TAG) (10) and polyunsaturated free fatty acids (11) have been implicated as markers of severe disease outcomes. Furthermore, metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have been described as key risk factors among patients who develop severe disease (12) .…”

“…hormones and various apolipoproteins (9), while both elevated triacylglycerol (TAG) (10) and polyunsaturated free fatty acids (11) have been implicated as markers of severe disease outcomes. Furthermore, metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension have been described as key risk factors among patients who develop severe disease (12).…”