“…A wireless sensor network is a set of distributed hardware-constrained wireless devices that monitor a targeted area [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Wireless sensor networks are widely used in a variety of applications such as the environmental monitoring and urban health monitoring [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], healthcare [ 2 , 15 ], vehicular communication networks [ 16 ], cyber-physical cloud systems [ 17 ], multi-channel cognitive radio networks [ 18 , 19 ], crowdsourcing networks [ 20 , 21 , 22 ], and social networks [ 23 , 24 ]. Because of the growing demand for wireless sensor applications in various aspects, quality of service (QoS) is an important issue in wireless sensor applications [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”