High-performance polymer alloys of polybenzoxazine and bismaleimide

Takeichi, Tsutomu; Saito, Yuki; Agag, Tarek; Muto, Hiroyuki; Kawauchi, Takehiro

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.01.041

Cited by 127 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…23 IR and DSC analyses of the cure stage indicated the thermal reaction between the hydroxyl group of the polybenzoxazine and the double bond of BMI, forming an AB co-crosslinked structure as supported by the model reaction of phenol and N-phenylmaleimide. DMA of the polymer alloys showed only one T g , also suggesting the formation of the AB co-crosslinked structure.…”

Section: Alloying With Bismaleimidementioning

confidence: 91%

High Performance Polybenzoxazines as a Novel Type of Phenolic Resin

Takeichi

Kawauchi

Agag

2008

Polym J

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212

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Polybenzoxazines that can be obtained by the thermally induced ring-opening polymerization of cyclic benzoxazine monomers are expected as a novel type of phenolic resins. Various benzoxazine monomers are easily synthesized from mono-or diamines, mono-or bisphenols, and formaldehyde. Polybenzoxazines have not only the advantageous properties of the traditional phenolic resins such as the high thermal properties, but also other properties that are not found in the traditional phenolic resins such as the molecular design flexibility, and excellent dimensional stability. The disadvantages of the typical polybenzoxazines are high temperature needed for the cure and brittleness of the cured materials. Further enhancement of thermal properties is also expected for the applications in harsh conditions. Herein, we report on our various approaches for performance enhancement of the polybenzoxazine, including the designs of novel monomers, high molecular weight polymeric precursors, polymer alloys, and hybrids with inorganics.KEY WORDS: Thermoset / Ring-Opening Polymerization / Thermal Properties / Toughness / Polymer Alloy / Organic-Inorganic Hybrid / Nanocomposite / The traditional phenolic resins possess excellent characteristics such as good heat and chemical resistance, flame retardancy, electrical properties, low water absorption, and low cost due to the inexpensive raw materials and fabricating processes. Therefore, they are widely used in various fields such as structural materials, adhesives, paints and matrix for fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP). Nevertheless, the traditional phenolic resins has many disadvantages including poor shelf life of the precursors, the use of harsh catalyst for polymerization, evolution of volatiles during the cure leading to a large volumetric shrinkage upon cure and formation of voids, and the brittleness of the cured materials. Furthermore, the volatalization of phenol and formaldehyde into the air during the cure process causes some health concern.A series of polybenzoxazine has been developed as a novel type of phenolic resin.1 It differs from the traditional phenolics in that the phenolic moieties are connected by a Mannich base bridge [-CH 2 -N(R)-CH 2 -] instead of methylene (-CH 2 -) bridge associated with the traditional phenolics. The structure of a typical benzoxazine monomer (B-a) prepared from bisphenol-A, aniline and formaldehyde along with the structure of its polybenzoxazine (PB-a) are shown in Figure 1. The monomers for polybenzoxazines are easily prepared from phenols, primary amines and formaldehyde. The wide variations of raw materials, phenols and amines, allow tremendous molecular-design flexibility for the cyclic monomers. Polymerization proceeds through the ring-opening of the cyclic monomers only by heat treatment without the need of catalysts and without generating byproducts or volatiles, and thus offering an excellent dimensional stability for the cured product.Polybenzoxazines provide characteristics found in the traditional phenolic resins such as excellent...

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Section: Alloying With Bismaleimidementioning

confidence: 91%

High Performance Polybenzoxazines as a Novel Type of Phenolic Resin

Takeichi

Kawauchi

Agag

2008

Polym J

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212

150

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“…Conversely, Wang et al combined the same BZ-allyl molecule with a different BMI monomer and found that large increases in impact strength (from 6.1 to 11.8 kJ m -2 ) and reductions in dielectric constant (3.10 to 2.96 at 60 Hz) could be achieved (compared to the neat BMI) with only a small cost in terms of thermal performance and stability [111]. There are several examples in which the BZ/BMI combination has been claimed to lead to improvements compared to both homopolymers [112,113]. These improvements are not just in terms of mechanical properties such as impact strength and flexural strength, but also in terms of glass transition temperature.…”

Section: Bmi/benzoxazinementioning

confidence: 99%

Modern advances in bismaleimide resin technology: A 21st century perspective on the chemistry of addition polyimides

Iredale¹,

Ward

Hamerton

2017

Progress in Polymer Science

217

152

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/pure/about/ebr-terms Hamerton, E-mail: ian.hamerton@bristol.ac.uk This review is respectfully and affectionately dedicated to Dr Horst D Stenzenberger, who has been an inspirational figure in modern BMI chemistry, always happy to share his extensive knowledge of this field. ABSTRACT:The chemistry of bismaleimides (BMIs), their blends and copolymers is reviewed critically with particular emphasis placed on the development of the field after 1990, which was marked by several comprehensive review articles. A general introduction to the structure property relationships of BMIs is presented, outlining the development of the preparative chemistry, and the early strategies adopted to address the inherent brittleness of the cured 'first generation' BMI polymers. 'Second generation', diallylbisphenol-toughened BMIs, form the basis of the benchmark commercial systems, and the polymerization mechanism is discussed. The current review is placed in context, addressing the issues of cost, processing and precursor toxicity, the major barriers to wider acceptance of BMIs. The main body of the review evaluates a number of observations made by Dr Horst Stenzenberger in 1990, for the future development of BMI technology. Hence, the synthesis of novel bismaleimide building blocks, incorporation of new thermoplastics and additives, and blending with new thermosetting comonomers are all discussed in detail. The aforementioned review had been written before the concept of nanocomposites or shape memory polymers had been explored with BMIs, but the fields have since grown (especially in the case of the former topic) and are reviewed herein. The application of BMIs to continuous fibre composites is one of the proposed fields of commercial development. The topic falls a little beyond the scope of the present review of BMI chemistry, and is the subject of another publication, but a brief discussion of the most recent developments is presented. The review is concluded with some thoughts about the future outlook for BMI chemistry.

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“…BMI has been reported to exhibit an exothermic peak at 207 °C in DSC, which was attributed to its cross-linking reactions [14]. The DSC curves of the BMI monomer and a BMI resin thermally cured at 250 °C for 1 h are presented in Figure S3.…”

Section: Characterization Of Bmi and Bpada-mpdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Thermal Diffusivity in Phase-Separated Bismaleimide/Poly(ether imide) Composite Films Containing Needle-Shaped ZnO Particles

2017

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Phase-separated polymer blend composite films exhibiting high thermal diffusivity were prepared by blending a soluble polyimide (BPADA-MPD) and a bismaleimide (BMI) with needle-shaped zinc oxide (n-ZnO) particles followed by high-temperature curing at 250 • C. Images recorded with a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) equipped with wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) demonstrated that the spontaneously separated phases in the composite films were aligned along the out-of-plane direction, and the n-ZnO particles were selectively incorporated into the BMI phase. The out-of-plane thermal diffusivity of the composite films was significantly higher than those of the previously reported composite films at lower filler contents. Based on wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns and image analysis, the enhanced thermal diffusivity was attributed to the confinement of the anisotropically shaped particles and their nearly isotropic orientation in one phase of the composite films.

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High-performance polymer alloys of polybenzoxazine and bismaleimide

Cited by 127 publications

References 24 publications

High Performance Polybenzoxazines as a Novel Type of Phenolic Resin

High Performance Polybenzoxazines as a Novel Type of Phenolic Resin

Modern advances in bismaleimide resin technology: A 21st century perspective on the chemistry of addition polyimides

Enhancement of Thermal Diffusivity in Phase-Separated Bismaleimide/Poly(ether imide) Composite Films Containing Needle-Shaped ZnO Particles

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