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The article contains sections titled: General Aspects Classification of Dinoflagellates Photosynthetic Pigments Sulfated Exopolysaccharides Sterols Fatty Acids Glycolipids Amphidinols and other Polyhydroxylated Polyenic Derivatives Toxic Proliferations: Endotoxins and Exotoxins Main Types of Dinoflagellate Toxins Cyclic Polyethers Okadaic Acid and Derivatives Toxic Macrolides: Amphidinolides, Caribenolide, Goniodomin A , Hoffmanniolide Complexity of the Biosynthesis of Polyketides Saxitoxin and its Derivatives Nitrogenous Toxins with Imine Function Zooxanthellatoxins ( ZTs ) and other Nitrogenous Toxins Pfiesteria piscicida : A Particularly Toxic Dinoflagellate Sulfur‐Containing Derivatives Phosphorus Derivatives and other Unusual Compounds
The article contains sections titled: General Aspects Classification of Dinoflagellates Photosynthetic Pigments Sulfated Exopolysaccharides Sterols Fatty Acids Glycolipids Amphidinols and other Polyhydroxylated Polyenic Derivatives Toxic Proliferations: Endotoxins and Exotoxins Main Types of Dinoflagellate Toxins Cyclic Polyethers Okadaic Acid and Derivatives Toxic Macrolides: Amphidinolides, Caribenolide, Goniodomin A , Hoffmanniolide Complexity of the Biosynthesis of Polyketides Saxitoxin and its Derivatives Nitrogenous Toxins with Imine Function Zooxanthellatoxins ( ZTs ) and other Nitrogenous Toxins Pfiesteria piscicida : A Particularly Toxic Dinoflagellate Sulfur‐Containing Derivatives Phosphorus Derivatives and other Unusual Compounds
A method was developed for fractionation and isolation of toxic components present in extracts prepared from Dinophysis-contaminated mussels. The major toxin present in French mussels was identified as okadaic acid by its chromatographic properties and spectral data. Large amounts of mussel tissue (digestive glands and remaining meat) can be treated easily if they are cooked, or cooked and dried and are useful for isolating significant amounts of okadaic acid.
A colorimetric phosphatase-inhibition bioassay was developed for the quantitative measurement of okadaic acid (OA) the main diarrhetic toxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. The assay used an artificial substrate, paranitrophenylphosphate, and a semi-purified protein phosphatase PP2Ac containing extract prepared from rabbit muscle. Calibration dose-inhibition curves were constructed using standard OA and they permitted easy determination of the enzyme concentration Et in their linear portion. In the range of linearity, the slope increased when Et decreased, thus giving a detecting limit of 0.04 pmol in the reaction mixture (1 ml). The lowest assayable concentration of OA was 4 ng/ml in aqueous solutions and 40 ng/ml (i.e., 100 ng of OA per g of mussel tissue) in crude methanol mussels extracts. The intra and interassay coefficients of variation in the measurement of OA for the toxin spiked aqueous samples averaged, respectively, 7.7% and 3.7%, and interexperiments coefficients of variation for the toxin spiked mussel extracts averaged 4.6%. The presence of OA was ascertained by a method in which one assay was performed at two or three different levels of enzyme concentration. The rapidity, accuracy, reproducibility, specificity, and simplicity of the procedure provides a simple way to assay okadaic acid in buffered or complex solutions.
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