High performance human information sensor

Hashimoto, Kazuhiko; Tsuruta, Tomohiro; Morinaka, Katsuya; Yoshiike, Nobuyuki

doi:10.1016/s0924-4247(99)00247-2

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Last, the video system may count several crossings at times when occupants loiter in the camera's field of view. Such events can lead to a significant positive bias (Hashimoto et al 1997a(Hashimoto et al , 1997b(Hashimoto et al , 1998(Hashimoto et al , 2000Meyn et al 2009). Kamthe et al (2009) developed the SCOPES system, a wireless camera sensor network for gathering traces of human mobility patterns in buildings.…”

Section: Sensor Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Literature on Terminal Box Control, Occupancy Sensing Technology and Multi-zone Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)

Liu¹,

Dasu²,

Zhang³

2012

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Executive summaryThis report presents the results of an analysis of published studies and other literature concerned with terminal box control, occupancy sensing technology, and multi-zone demand control ventilation (DCV) in commercial buildings. To meet the ventilation needs of building occupants, heating, ventilating and airconditioning systems provide outdoor air. For many systems, air is brought into a commercial building through air-handling units, which supply conditioned air to many thermal zones in the building. The airhandling units mix outdoor air in a controlled proportion with recirculated air and then cool the mixture before distribution to the terminal boxes. Terminal boxes usually serve a single building zone, controlling the air flow rate to the zone and reheating the air, if it is too cool for the zone served. Each terminal box has a minimum air flow rate set so that it meets the ventilation requirements of the occupants of the zone the box serves. This minimum air flow rate is commonly designed as a constant value based on the design occupancy of the zone served, which usually corresponds to the maximum occupancy.In practice, control system integrators and installers often set the minimum air flow rate for ventilation to between 30% and 50% of the terminal box maximum air flow rate. Building occupancy, however, varies dynamically. Conference rooms, cafeterias, break rooms, auditoriums, and other assembly spaces are often unoccupied for significant periods of time. Office occupancy varies during the course of a work day, from day to day, and over the longer term because of meetings in the office, attendance of meetings elsewhere, business travel, changing room functions during remodeling, and variations in staffing. The resulting over-ventilation, during times when the space has less than maximum occupancy or is unoccupied, wastes significant fan power, resulting in energy waste, and even causing discomfort for occupants in some spaces (e.g., conference rooms) from overcooling.Carbon-dioxide-based demand control ventilation has existed for a number of years; however, as currently used, it controls outdoor-air intake by the air handler only, not ventilation of individual zones or rooms. The need for frequent recalibration (e.g., annually) and the high cost of installation for each zone (or room) makes CO 2 -based control of ventilation at terminal boxes impractical. A multi-lab report (Brambley et al. 2005) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) on advanced sensors and controls identifies a need for "development of sensors to determine occupancy number and population distribution within buildings." There are no such terminal unit controllers on the market today to modulate air flow to zones based on actual occupancy. The Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide (AERG) for Office Buildings, sponsored by DOE's Building Technology Program (BTP), reveals that a 4% reduction in whole-building energy consumption can be achieved by implementing occupancy-based control (OBC) in conference rooms alone ).This repor...

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Section: Sensor Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Literature on Terminal Box Control, Occupancy Sensing Technology and Multi-zone Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)

Liu¹,

Dasu²,

Zhang³

2012

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“…This is due to existence of large electromechanical anisotropy in the coupling factors along and transfers direction of polarization [1]- [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Quality of Piezoelectric Response of Nano Ni Doped Pb1-xNixTiO3 Ceramic

Tawfik¹,

Hemeda²,

Hemeda³

et al. 2016

JAMP

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A series of Pb 1−x Ni x TiO 3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) were prepared by the general ceramic and co-precipitation method. The grain size decreased with increasing Ni contents. The piezoelectric modulus d 33 increased with increasing Ni contents. It was observed also the d 33 of the nanocomposite Pb 1−x Ni x TiO 3 prepared by co-precipitation method is higher than those of the prepared by general ceramic method. The coupling factor k p increased by the more doping of Ni. The ultrasonic wave velocity decreased also with increasing Ni contents. The polarized nano-sample of composition Pb 0.5 Ni 0.5 TiO 3 is suitable for improving application of useful piezoelectric technology.

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“…These modified materials are extremely good for high frequency applications [1]. Pyroelectric lead titanate ceramics have been found useful for use in thermal imaging and human detection [2]. Several dopants have been employed as individual additives, combination doping by two or more dopant ions [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and encouraging results obtained in these systems boosted the research activity in the modified lead titanate ceramics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural, dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric behavior of rare earth double doped lead titanate ceramics synthesized by solid state method

Singh¹,

Singh²,

Gupta³

et al. 2014

IOSRJAP

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High performance human information sensor

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

Review of Literature on Terminal Box Control, Occupancy Sensing Technology and Multi-zone Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)

Review of Literature on Terminal Box Control, Occupancy Sensing Technology and Multi-zone Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)

High Quality of Piezoelectric Response of Nano Ni Doped Pb<sub>1-x</sub>Ni<sub>x</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> Ceramic

Structural, dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric behavior of rare earth double doped lead titanate ceramics synthesized by solid state method

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High performance human information sensor

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

Review of Literature on Terminal Box Control, Occupancy Sensing Technology and Multi-zone Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)

Review of Literature on Terminal Box Control, Occupancy Sensing Technology and Multi-zone Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)

High Quality of Piezoelectric Response of Nano Ni Doped Pb&lt;sub&gt;1-x&lt;/sub&gt;Ni&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;TiO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Ceramic

Structural, dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric behavior of rare earth double doped lead titanate ceramics synthesized by solid state method

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High Quality of Piezoelectric Response of Nano Ni Doped Pb<sub>1-x</sub>Ni<sub>x</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> Ceramic