“…Transition-metal (TM) oxides exhibit diverse stoichiometries and structures, leading to their broad range of technological applications. These applications include their use as electrolytic capacitors, 1 optical modulators, 2,3 optical coatings, 4 sensors, 5 light-emitting diodes, 6,7 high-K gate dielectric materials in microelectronics, 8 and the resistive layers in resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices. 9–12 The occupancy numbers of TM d-orbitals in oxides play a crucial role in determining the oxidation states of TM atoms and the electronic properties of the compounds.…”