High Nucleo-cytoplasmic Concentration Gradient of Chloride in Rat Liver

Langendorf, H.; Siebert, Günther; Kesselring, Kurt; Hannover, Rosemarie

doi:10.1038/2091130b0

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Chae, unpublished work). Since it has been reported that the ionic strength in the nucleus could be 0.2-0.4 (Langendorf et al, 1961;Siebert, 1966), in the present study we have determiined the activity of chromatin-bound proteinase by the rate of degradation of Fl histone in the presence of 0.3 M-NaCl-10mM-Tris-HCI, pH 8. The hepatoma lines compared in this study are Morris hepatomas 7777, 7800, 9121 and 7794A, whose growth rates (average weeks between transfers) are 3, 6, 6 and 14 respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Lack of relationship between activity of chromatin-bound proteinase and cell growth rates

Chae

Smith

Morris

1975

Biochemical Journal

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Proteinase associated with chromatin isolated from liver and hepatoma of rat is stimulated by salt, and, of the histone fractions, lysine-rich (F1) histone is preferentially degraded by this enzyme at an ionic strength comparable with that found in the nucleus. However, there appears to be no strict relationship between the activity of the proteinase and growth rates of hepatomas. Chromatin isolated from a fast-growing tumour, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, shows no apparent proteinase activity in the presence of salt.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Lack of relationship between activity of chromatin-bound proteinase and cell growth rates

Chae

Smith

Morris

1975

Biochemical Journal

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“…For example, extracellular chloride is ∼110 mM and within the cell cytoplasm and organelles, Cl – ranges from 5 to 130 mM . The nuclear concentration of chloride anions in rat hepatocytes has been estimated to be ∼158 mM , and in frog oocyte nuclei, 91.3 mM ± 9.0 with values ranging from 48.4 mM 6.5 to 172.6 mM ± 13 having been reported . Under similar ionic strength conditions, we then employed the colorimetric probe nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) and HPF to respectively test for superoxide anion radicals (O 2 •– ) and hydroxyl radicals ( • OH), and the fluorometric probe Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green (SOSG) to identify 1 O 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have also compared the effects of NaCl and KCl to those of individual sodium(I) and potassium(I) fluoride, bromide, and iodide salts. Taking into consideration the high concentrations of Na + , K + , and Cl – ions in living cells − ,− and in aquatic environments, our findings may be relevant to the phototoxic effects exhibited by certain PAHs under physiological conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

New Insights into the Phototoxicity of Anthracene-Based Chromophores: The Chloride Salt Effect

Safiarian,

Ugboya,

Khan

et al. 2023

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Unraveling the causes underlying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity is an essential step in understanding the harmful effects of these compounds in nature. Toward this end, we have studied the DNA interactions and photochemistry of N 1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride in the presence and absence of NaF, KF, NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, NaI, and KI (350 nm hν, pH 7.0). Exposing pUC19 plasmid to UV light in solutions containing 400 mM KCl formed significantly more direct strand breaks in DNA compared to no-salt control reactions. In contrast, NaCl increased DNA damage moderately, while the sodium(I) and potassium(I) fluoride, bromide, and iodide salts generally inhibited cleavage (I– > Br– > F–). A halide anion-induced heavy-atom effect was indicated by monitoring anthracene photodegradation and by employing the hydroxyl radical (•OH) probe hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF). These studies revealed that among no-salt controls and the eight halide salts, only NaCl and KCl enabled the anthracene to photosensitize the production of high levels of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-irradiation of N 1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride at 350 nm increased the amounts of chloride salt-induced •OH detected by HPF in subsequent anthracene photoactivation experiments. Taking into consideration that •OH and other highly reactive ROS are extremely short-lived, this result suggests that the pre-irradiation step might lead to the formation of oxidized anthracene photoproducts that are exceedingly redox-active. The fluorometric probes HPF and Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green revealed that KCl concentrations ranging from 150 to 400 mM and from 100 to 400 mM, respectively, enhanced N 1-(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride photosensitized •OH and singlet oxygen (1O2) production over no-salt controls. Considering the relatively high levels of Na+, K+, and Cl– ions that exist in the environment and in living organisms, our findings may be relevant to the phototoxic effects exhibited by anthracenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons in vivo.

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“…After the first wash in 0.01 M Tris (pH 8.0), the chromatin was washed in 0.01 M triethanolamine (pH 7.8). The 3H-labeled chromatin pellet was then homogenized in a buffer containing 0.131 M NaCl, 0.265 M KC1, 0.022 M MgCl2, 0.004 M CaCl2, 0.01 M triethanolamine, 0.001 M Na2S205, and 0.1 mM CdSO,* as proposed by Comings and Tack (1973), derived from Langendorf et al (1961). This treatment was repeated once and both the 14C-labeled and the salt-treated [3H]chromatin preparations were then finally washed again twice in 0.01 M triethanolamine (pH 7.8).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature of protein association with chromatin

Doenecke¹,

McCarthy²

1975

Biochemistry

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The reality of the nonrandom distribution of histones along the chromatin strand was investigated in several ways. It does not appear to derive from histone exchange during shearing and is evident in chromatin fixed with formaldehyde prior to shearing. Endogenous or Escherichia coli polymerase are preferentially associated with regions of chromatin with a low protein/DNAratio. Although RNA polymerase and histones are fixed to chromatin after formaldehyde treatment with high efficiency, only a minor fraction of non-histone protein is fixed under similar conditions. Even after washing in high salt to minimize adventitious association, most remaining non-histone protein fails to be fixed. The utility of this approach for defining chromosomal proteins is discussed.

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High Nucleo-cytoplasmic Concentration Gradient of Chloride in Rat Liver

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Lack of relationship between activity of chromatin-bound proteinase and cell growth rates

Lack of relationship between activity of chromatin-bound proteinase and cell growth rates

New Insights into the Phototoxicity of Anthracene-Based Chromophores: The Chloride Salt Effect

Nature of protein association with chromatin

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