High molecular weight polysaccharides are key immunomodulators in North American ginseng extracts: Characterization of the ginseng genetic signature in primary human immune cells

Phenotypic and functional analysis of the modification of murine bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) induced by neutral Ginseng polysaccharides (NGP)

“…1,[20][21][22] The data of their findings indicated that NGP could upregulate the functions of cells in both innate immune and adaptive immune systems. These included: significantly increasing phagocytosis as well as production of cytokines of macrophage, 3 improving B lymphocyte proliferation induced by LPS, enhancing the activity of monocyte by upregulating the expression of HLA-DR and other application for various cases clinically.…”

“…1 Also it has been using as a major tonic for poor body health or recovery from illness. So far several components from different Ginseng species in America, Korea and China with broad medical functions have been identified.…”

Immunomodulatory effect of a formula developed from American ginseng and Chinese jujube extracts in mice

“…American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), mainly grown in the United States and Canada, has occupied a prominent position in the enhancement of immune function (Yuan et al, 2010;Lemmon et al, 2012). In the past few decades, information on certain phytochemical features as well as chemical composition of gensenosides of American ginseng has been obtained (Qi et al, 2011).…”

Stimulation and Suppression of Innate Immune Function by American Ginseng Polysaccharides: Biological Relevance and Identification of Bioactives

“…While the observed enhancement of acidic PS suppression of LPS immune response by neutral PS is a novel outcome. One study by Lemmon et al (2012) [that used human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and ginseng concentrations similar to that utilized in this study] reported that the immunomostimulatory effects of AGRPS and AQ extracts are mediated by PS with a molecular weight higher than 100 kDa [53]. Data from this study showed that ≥100 kDa and 100-50 kDa molecular weight fractions of acidic PS possess both immunostimulatory and suppression of LPS induced immunological effects which are a novel outcome.…”

“…Ginseng polysaccharide intravenous pretreatment was also reported to enhance macrophage-mediated bactericidal activity in mice by reducing the number of S. aureus bacteria present in the spleen, kidney, and blood [34,35]. The iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) kinases such as p38, ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa B) signaling pathways may mediate the immunostimulatory effect observed in AGRPS and AQ extracts and high molecular weight acidic PS, as studies by Friedl et al (2001) and Lemmon et al (2012) using AQ and PS extracts of P ginseng and American ginseng AQ and PS extracts [30,53] demonstrated. The signaling pathways that mediate the extracts suppression of LPS induced NO and TNF-α production requires further investigation.…”