High‐lysine corn produced by the combination of enhanced lysine biosynthesis and reduced zein accumulation

Huang, Shihshieh; Kruger, Diane E; Frizzi, Alessandra; D’Ordine, Robert L.; Florida, Cheryl A; Adams, W. R.; Brown, Wayne E.; Luethy, Michael H.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00146.x

Cited by 89 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…A number of transgenic approaches involving modiWcation of zein levels have been explored as well (Huang et al 2004(Huang et al , 2005Lai and Messing 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide variability in kernel composition, seed characteristics, and zein profiles among diverse maize inbreds, landraces, and teosinte

2009

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All crop species have been domesticated from their wild relatives, and geneticists are just now beginning to understand the consequences of artificial (human) selection on agronomic traits that are relevant today. The primary consequence is a basal loss of diversity across the genome, and an additional reduction in diversity for genes underlying traits targeted by selection. An understanding of attributes of the wild relatives may provide insight into target traits and valuable allelic variants for modern agriculture. This is especially true for maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), where its wild ancestor, teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis), is so strikingly different than modern maize. One obvious target of selection is the size and composition of the kernel. We evaluated kernel characteristics, kernel composition, and zein profiles for a diverse set of modern inbred lines, teosinte accessions, and landraces, the intermediate between inbreds and teosinte. We found that teosinte has very small seeds, but twice the protein content of landraces and inbred lines. Teosinte has a higher average alpha zein content (nearly 89% of total zeins as compared to 72% for inbred lines and 76% for landraces), and there are many novel alcohol-soluble proteins in teosinte relative to the other two germplasm groups. Nearly every zein protein varied in abundance among the germplasm groups, especially the methionine-rich delta zein protein, and the gamma zeins. Teosinte and landraces harbor phenotypic variation that will facilitate genetic dissection of kernel traits and grain quality, ultimately leading to improvement via traditional plant breeding and/or genetic engineering. Abstract All crop species have been domesticated from their wild relatives, and geneticists are just now beginning to understand the consequences of artiWcial (human) selection on agronomic traits that are relevant today. The primary consequence is a basal loss of diversity across the genome, and an additional reduction in diversity for genes underlying traits targeted by selection. An understanding of attributes of the wild relatives may provide insight into target traits and valuable allelic variants for modern agriculture. This is especially true for maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), where its wild ancestor, teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis), is so strikingly diVerent than modern maize. One obvious target of selection is the size and composition of the kernel. We evaluated kernel characteristics, kernel composition, and zein proWles for a diverse set of modern inbred lines, teosinte accessions, and landraces, the intermediate between inbreds and teosinte. We found that teosinte has very small seeds, but twice the protein content of landraces and inbred lines. Teosinte has a higher average alpha zein content (nearly 89% of total zeins as compared to 72% for inbred lines and 76% for landraces), and there are many novel alcohol-soluble proteins in teosinte relative to the other two germplasm groups. Nearly every zein protein varied in abundance among the germplasm...

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“…A number of transgenic approaches involving modiWcation of zein levels have been explored as well (Huang et al 2004(Huang et al , 2005Lai and Messing 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wide variability in kernel composition, seed characteristics, and zein profiles among diverse maize inbreds, landraces, and teosinte

2009

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“…Attempts have also been made to reduce the content of these storage proteins by genetic engineering, using constructs designed to reduce their expression in seeds (Segal et al, 2003;Huang et al, 2005Huang et al, , 2006. Interestingly, specific reduction of zeins by this approach also causes an opaque phenotype (Segal et al, 2003), implying that this phenotype is directly associated with the reduction of zein storage proteins.…”

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confidence: 99%

Improving the Content of Essential Amino Acids in Crop Plants: Goals and Opportunities

2008

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“…Previous studies have reported on the production trials of transgenic plant that accumulate essential amino acid such as lysine, methionine, and tryptophan, since plants containing elevated levels of these amino acids could serve as important sources of animal food (Huang et al 2005;Shen et al 2002;Tozawa et al 2001). We have indicated that enhancement of the photorespiratory pathway via overexpression of glutamate: glyoxylate aminotransferase (GGAT ) gene leads to a hyperaccumulation of serine and glycine (Igarashi et al 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

ASN2 is a key enzyme in asparagine biosynthesis under ammonium sufficient conditions

Igarashi

Ishizaki

Totsuka

et al. 2009

Plant Biotechnology

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The modification and enhancement of plant amino acid accumulation is potentially beneficial in terms of the production of suitable crop plants for food or feeds, and also with respect to possible environmental improvement via the effective use of nitrogen nutrition. It is also expected that modified plants will produce beneficial nitrogenous compounds, such as proteins, secondary metabolites, or nucleic acids. The size of amino acid pools in plants is strictly controlled by certain environmental factors such as light and nutrition. In order to gain an understanding of the mechanisms that control amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, we investigated the diurnal changes in amino acid contents and also how the amino acid contents change with the progression of growth. We observed that almost all the amino acids in plant leaves undergo diurnal changes and that the pattern of these changes was different in young and old stages. We focused on correlation of the asparagine content and the expression of ASN2 asparagine synthetase, since under our experimental conditions their fluctuating patterns were found to be similar. The asparagine contents of ASN2-overexpressing and -underexpressing plants were increased and decreased, respectively, when they were grown under normal light and nutrient conditions. These changes in asparagine content were marked when the plants were grown under conditions where ammonium was the sole nitrogen source. It has been previously reported that ASN2 expression and ammonium metabolism are correlated. Our findings and these previous observations suggest that ASN2 functions as a regulator of asparagine biosynthesis and metabolism and that it mediates the effective use of nitrogen under ammonium-sufficient conditions.

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High‐lysine corn produced by the combination of enhanced lysine biosynthesis and reduced zein accumulation

Cited by 89 publications

References 30 publications

Wide variability in kernel composition, seed characteristics, and zein profiles among diverse maize inbreds, landraces, and teosinte

Wide variability in kernel composition, seed characteristics, and zein profiles among diverse maize inbreds, landraces, and teosinte

Improving the Content of Essential Amino Acids in Crop Plants: Goals and Opportunities

ASN2 is a key enzyme in asparagine biosynthesis under ammonium sufficient conditions

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