High‐latitude dust in the Earth system

Bullard, Joanna E.; Baddock, Matthew C.; Bradwell, Tom; Crusius, John; Darlington, E.; Gaiero, Diego M.; Gassó, Santiago; Gísladóttir, Guðrún; Hodgkins, Richard; McCulloch, Robert; McKenna‐Neuman, Cheryl; Mockford, Tom; Stewart, Helena; Þorsteinsson, Þorsteinn

doi:10.1002/2016rg000518

Cited by 257 publications

(297 citation statements)

References 264 publications

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“…Gobi desert) dust sources contribute the most global dust to the Northern Hemisphere (Luo et al, 2003). Several studies have found dust particles associated with LRT in snow and ice samples from the Canadian Arctic (Bullard et al, 2016;Groot Zwaaftink et al, 2016;Zdanowicz et al, 1998). Dust deposition to the Arctic shows a seasonal effect, with dust storms in major deserts occurring more frequently in the spring, leading to higher concentrations of mineral dust tracers in the spring and autumn (Barrie and Barrie, 1990 This could be caused by both mineral dust and PFAAs originating from the same regions.…”

Section: Elucidating the Role Of Marine-driven Transport Of Pfaas To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Non-Marine Inputs of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to the High Arctic: A Multi-Decadal Temporal Record

Pickard¹,

Criscitiello²,

Spencer³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent, bioaccumulative compounds found ubiquitously within the 10 environment. They can be formed from the atmospheric oxidation of volatile precursor compounds and undergo long-range transport through the atmosphere and ocean to remote locations. Ice caps preserve a temporal record of PFAA deposition making them useful in studying the atmospheric trends in LRT of PFAAs as well as understanding major pollutant sources and production changes over time. A 15 m ice core representing 38 years of deposition was collected from the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, providing us with the first multi-decadal temporal ice record in PFAA deposition to the Arctic. 15Ice core samples were concentrated using solid phase extraction and analyzed by liquid and ion chromatography methods. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Section: Elucidating the Role Of Marine-driven Transport Of Pfaas To mentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Non-Marine Inputs of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to the High Arctic: A Multi-Decadal Temporal Record

Pickard¹,

Criscitiello²,

Spencer³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…These sources have significant local impacts-as does the North American Great Basin-but remain relatively minor on the global scale. There are also numerous locally significant areas of SDS activity in high-latitudes [23].…”

Section: The Scale Of Sds Impacts: Countries Affectedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sand and Dust Storms: Impact Mitigation

2017

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Sand and dust storms (SDS) play an integral role in the Earth system but they also present a range of hazards to the environmental and economic sustainability of human society. These hazards are of considerable importance for residents of dryland environments and also affect people beyond drylands because wind erosion can occur in most environments and desert dust events often involve long-range transport over great distances (>1000 km). This paper makes an assessment of the scale of SDS impacts by totalling the countries affected using an appraisal of peer-reviewed published sources, arriving at a conservative estimate that 77% of all parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) are affected directly by SDS issues. We then present a synthesis of the environmental management techniques designed to mitigate SDS hazards for disaster risk reduction and review policy measures, both historical and contemporary, for SDS impact mitigation. Although many SDS hazards are well-known, the processes involved and their impacts are not all equally well-understood. Policies designed to mitigate the impacts of wind erosion in agricultural areas have been developed in certain parts of the world but policies designed to mitigate the wider impacts of SDS, including many that are transboundary, are geographically patchy and have a much shorter history. Further development and wider implementation of such policies is advocated because of the recent marked increase in wind erosion and associated dust storms in several parts of the world.

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“…Dust mobilization at high latitudes is strongly influenced by wind speeds, which are often quite strong in the presence of katabatic winds, sediment supply or dust availability, snow cover, freezing processes and vegetation (e.g. Bullard et al, 2016). The combination of these factors often leads to a strong seasonality in dust emission or dust storm frequency at high latitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and spatial variability of Icelandic dust emissions and atmospheric transport

Zwaaftink

Dagsson-Waldhauserová

Eckhardt

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Icelandic dust sources are known to be highly active, yet there exist few model simulations of Icelandic dust that could be used to assess its impacts on the environment. We here present estimates of dust emission and transport in Iceland over 27 years based on FLEXDUST and FLEXPART simulations and meteorological re-analysis data. Simulations for the year 2012 based on high-resolution operational meteorological analyses are used for model evaluation based on PM 2.5 and PM 10 observations in Iceland. For stations in Reykjavik, we find that the spring period is well predicted by the model, while dust events in late fall and early winter are overpredicted. Six years of dust concentrations observed at Stórhöfði (Heimaey) show that the model predicts concentrations of the same order of magnitude as observations and timing of modelled and observed dust peaks agrees well. Average annual dust emission is 4.3 ± 0.8 Tg during the 27 years of simulation. Fifty percent of all dust from Iceland is on average emitted in just 25 days of the year, demonstrating the importance of a few strong events for annual total dust emissions. Annual dust emission as well as transport patterns correlate only weakly to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Deposition amounts in remote regions (Svalbard and Greenland) vary from year to year. Only limited dust amounts reach the upper Greenland Ice Sheet, but considerable dust amounts are deposited on Icelandic glaciers and can impact melt rates there. Approximately 34 % of the annual dust emission is deposited in Iceland itself. Most dust (58 %), however, is deposited in the ocean and may strongly influence marine ecosystems.

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High‐latitude dust in the Earth system

Cited by 257 publications

References 264 publications

Continuous Non-Marine Inputs of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to the High Arctic: A Multi-Decadal Temporal Record

Continuous Non-Marine Inputs of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to the High Arctic: A Multi-Decadal Temporal Record

Sand and Dust Storms: Impact Mitigation

Temporal and spatial variability of Icelandic dust emissions and atmospheric transport

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