High Human Malarial Infectivity to Laboratory-Bred Anopheles gambiae in a Village in Burkina Faso

Boudin, Christian; Olivier, Marc; Molez, Jean-François; Chiron, J.P.; Ambroise-Thomas, P

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.700

Cited by 93 publications

(69 citation statements)

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“…Studies are usually carried out by direct feeding or membrane feeding of laboratory-reared mosquitoes with blood from gametocyte carriers. Mosquitoes are examined later, at day 7 post infection, for oocyst detection (Draper 1953;Muirhead-Thomson 1957;Collins et al 1977;Boudin et al 1993;Tchuinkam et al 1993) or at day 12-14 for sporozoites (Collins et al1977;Boudin et al 1989). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The early sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory‐infected Anopheles gambiae: an estimation of parasite efficacy

Gouagna

Mulder

Noubissi

et al. 1998

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryThis study investigated the successive losses in the parasite densities of Plasmodium falciparum stages during the early sporogony in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae infected by membrane feeding with blood from naturally infected gametocyte carriers (Ͼ50 gametocytes/mm 3 ). The developmental stages of P. falciparum in the mosquito were studied from zygote to oocyst, by immunofluorescent method using monoclonal antibodies against the Pfs25 protein present on the surface of newly formed gametes. This method allows for assessment of the various sporogonic stages before, during and after passage of the midgut wall. Parasite densities were determined within the entire blood meal at 3 h (zygotes and macrogametes) and 24 h (ookinetes) post-infection. At 48 h after the mosquito blood meal, midguts were checked for the presence of early oocysts. For the mid-size oocysts count, classic microscopy examination was used at day 7 postinfection. The parasite efficacy was estimated by following successive losses in parasite densities between different early stages of the sporogonic cycle in A. gambiae. Thirty-seven experimental infections were realized with high gametocyte densities, ranging from 64 to 2392 gametocytes/mm 3 . All gametocyte carriers showed infection with round forms 100%; ookinetes were found in 91.9%. The prevalences of infections with oocysts were 48.6% at day 2 (young oocyst) and 37.8% at day 7 (mid-size oocyst). The mean densities per mosquito for each parasite stage were 12.6 round forms, 5.5 ookinetes, 1.8 young oocyst and 2 mid-size oocysts. Significant correlations were found between two consecutive parasite stages (round forms/ookinetes, ookinetes/young oocysts, young oocysts/mid-size oocysts) and between round forms and mid-size oocysts. The mean parasite density significantly decreased between round forms and ookinetes (yield Y1 ϭ 41.6%) and between ookinetes and young oocysts (Y2 ϭ 61.4%). By contrast, no significant decrease was observed between young oocysts and mid-size oocysts (Y3 ϭ 91.2%). The overall yield of the early sporogonic cycle (from round form to oocyst at day 7) was equal to 25.7%, indicating that almost 3/4 of the total parasites were lost during the early step of the sporogonic cycle, from 3 h post-infection to day 7.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The early sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory‐infected Anopheles gambiae: an estimation of parasite efficacy

Gouagna

Mulder

Noubissi

et al. 1998

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…[11][12][13][14][15] Often, these studies were restricted to microscopically detected gametocyte carriers, even though it has been repeatedly shown that submicroscopic gametocyte densities may result in mosquito infection. 16,17 Although microscopically detectable gametocyte densities are more likely to result in mosquito infections compared with submicroscopic gametocyte densities, the contribution of submicroscopic gametocyte carriers to the total infectious reservoir may be considerable 18 and can only be determined in xenodiagnostic surveys where individuals are recruited for feeding experiments, regardless of their parasitemic status. A recent meta-analysis further suggests that direct skin feeding assays may be the most sensitive approach to determine human infectiousness to mosquitoes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectiousness of the Human Population to Anopheles arabiensis by Direct Skin Feeding in an Area Hypoendemic for Malaria in Senegal

Gaye¹,

Bousema²,

Gadiaga³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Direct skin feeding experiments are sensitive assays to determine human infectiousness to mosquitoes but are rarely used in malaria epidemiological surveys. We determined the infectiousness of inhabitants of a malaria hypoendemic area in Senegal. Gametocyte prevalence by microscopy was 13.5% (26 of 192). Of all individuals who were gametocyte positive, 44.4% (11 of 25) infected 1 Anopheles arabiensis mosquito and 10.8% (54 of 500) of mosquitoes became infected. Of all individuals who were gametocyte negative by microscopy, 4.3% (7 of 162) infected 1 mosquito and 0.4% (12 of 3240) of mosquitoes became infected. The 18.2% (12 of 66) of all mosquito infections was a result of submicroscopic gametocyte carriage and two individuals without asexual parasites or gametocytes by microscopy were infectious to mosquitoes. When infectivity and local demography was taken into account, children 5-14 years of age contributed 50.8% of the human infectious reservoir for malaria. Adults and submicroscopic gametocyte carriers may contribute considerably to onward malaria transmission in our setting.

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“…Parasite species spend the majority of their lifecycles within the human host and, thus, have greater opportunity to interact within humans than within mosquitoes. However, as clearly parameterized in the classic Ross-Macdonald model of malaria [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] (Box 1), the distribution of vector-borne parasites depends on vector-vertebrate and vectorparasite interactions, in addition to interactions within vertebrates. Given that vector-based (as opposed to therapy-based) interventions represent the mainstay of prevention strategies, it seems essential to consider initially species differences that relate to vectorial parameters and, thus, the consequences of vector-based interventions for species distribution.…”

Section: Focus On Mixed-species Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…c) remains unclear. Although transmission success generally increases with gametocyte density [21,22], there is considerable variation and a clear indication of age-dependent effects [23][24][25].…”

Section: Transmission Parameters B and Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can mosquitoes help to unravel the community structure of Plasmodium species?

Boëte¹,

Rácz²

2006

Trends in Parasitology

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High Human Malarial Infectivity to Laboratory-Bred Anopheles gambiae in a Village in Burkina Faso

Cited by 93 publications

References 9 publications

The early sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory‐infected Anopheles gambiae: an estimation of parasite efficacy

The early sporogonic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in laboratory‐infected Anopheles gambiae: an estimation of parasite efficacy

Infectiousness of the Human Population to Anopheles arabiensis by Direct Skin Feeding in an Area Hypoendemic for Malaria in Senegal

Can mosquitoes help to unravel the community structure of Plasmodium species?

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