High Frequency of Non-B Subtypes in Newly Diagnosed HIV-1 Infections in Switzerland

Böni, Jürg; Pyra, Halina; Gebhardt, Martin; Perrin, Luc; Bürgisser, Philippe; Matter, L; Fierz, Walter; Erb, Peter C.; Piffaretti, Jean-Claude; Minder, Elisabeth I.; Grob, Peter J.; Burckhardt, Johann Jakob; Zwahlen, Marcel; Schüpbach, Jörg

doi:10.1097/00042560-199910010-00010

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] This has been the cause of some concern, in that although all HIV-1 subtypes appear to be equally susceptible to antiretroviral therapy 8 (ARV), different HIV-1 subtypes may differ in terms of syncytiainducing capacity, 9,10 rate of disease progression, pattern of ARV resistance, 11 and response to possible vaccine candidates. In Italy, the percentage of infection with non-B subtypes among HIV-seropositive people has been reported to range from 5.4% to 12.6%, and it exceeds 63% among foreigners living in Italy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Non-B HIV Type 1 Subtypes among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Rome, Italy

Giuliani

Montieri

Palamara

et al. 2009

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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An increase in the circulation of HIV-1 non-B subtypes has been observed in recent years in Western European countries. Due to the lack of data on the circulation of HIV-1 non-B subtypes among European HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), a biomolecular study was conducted in Rome, Italy. HIV-1 partial pol gene sequences from 111 MSM individuals (76 drug naive and 35 drug experienced) were collected during the years [2004][2005][2006]. All these sequences were analyzed using the REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool, and aligned using CLUSTAL X followed by manual editing using the Bioedit software. A BLAST search for non-B subtype sequences was also performed. Twenty-six (23.4%) MSM were not Italians. Eight individuals (7.2%) were diag- The CRFs were more prevalent (8.1%) than pure subtypes (5.4%), which were distributed as follows: subtype C (2.6%), subtype A1 (1.7%), and subtype F1 (0.9%). Major mutations conferring resistance to antiretroviral drugs (ARV) were not found among HIV-1 non-B subtype drugnaive patients but were found in two ARV-experienced individuals. The data show that viral diversity is likely increasing in a population group that had been previously characterized by the circulation of HIV-1 subtype B.

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Non-B HIV Type 1 Subtypes among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Rome, Italy

Giuliani

Montieri

Palamara

et al. 2009

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…In many European countries, 20 to 50% of new infections are due to non-B subtypes and recombinant variants (3,4,9,31). In Spain, several studies have estimated HIV-1 non-B subtype and recombinant variant infections in nearly 14% of HIV-infected Spaniards, and this number is increasing (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

Performance of Three Commercial Viral Load Assays, Versant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA bDNA v3.0, Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1, and NucliSens HIV-1 EasyQ v1.2, Testing HIV-1 Non-B Subtypes and Recombinant Variants

Holguín

López²,

Molinero³

et al. 2008

J Clin Microbiol

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Monitoring antiretroviral therapy requires that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia assays are applicable to all distinct variants. This study evaluates the performance of three commercial viral load assays-Versant HIV-1 RNA bDNA v3.0, Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1, and NucliSens HIV-1 EasyQ v1.2-in testing 83 plasma specimens from patients carrying HIV-1 non-B subtypes and recombinants previously defined by phylogenetic analysis of the pol gene. All 28 specimens from patients under treatment presented viremia values below the detection limit with the three methods. In the remaining 55 specimens from naive individuals viremia could not be detected in 32.7, 20, and 14.6% using the NucliSens, Versant, or TaqMan tests, respectively, suggesting potential viral load underestimation of some samples by all techniques. Only 32 (58.2%) samples from naive subjects were quantified by the three methods; the NucliSens test provided the highest HIV RNA values (mean, 4.87 log copies/ml), and the Versant test provided the lowest (mean, 4.16 log copies/ml). Viremia differences of greater than 1 log were seen in 8 (14.5%) of 55 specimens, occurring in 10.9, 7.3, and 5.4%, respectively, of the specimens in comparisons of Versant versus NucliSens, Versant versus TaqMan, and TaqMan versus NucliSens. Differences greater than 0.5 log, considered significant for clinicians, occurred in 45.5, 27.3, and 29% when the same assays were compared. Some HIV-1 strains, such as subtype G and CRF02_AG, showed more discrepancies in distinct quantification methods than others. In summary, an adequate design of primers and probes is needed for optimal quantitation of plasma HIV-RNA in non-B subtypes. Our data emphasize the need to use the same method for monitoring patients on therapy and also the convenience of HIV-1 subtyping.

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“…However, worldwide the most prevalent subtypes are non-B, with subtype C being particularly common in Africa and Asia (5). Also, there is an increasing prevalence of non-B virus in the developed world, associated primarily with heterosexual transmission (1,3,14). Consequently, there is an increasing requirement for resistance data from the non-B subtypes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Resistance-Associated Mutations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Protease Gene from Treated and Untreated Patients in the United Kingdom

Cane

Ruiter²,

Rice³

et al. 2001

J Clin Microbiol

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This work reports the variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease from treated and untreated patients infected with HIV-1 subtype C in the United Kingdom. The most common primary mutation observed in treated patients was L90M. D30N, M46I, V82A/F, and I84V were seen rarely. M36I and I93L mutations were observed in nearly all samples from both treated and untreated patients and so cannot be considered as resistance-associated mutations in this subtype.

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High Frequency of Non-B Subtypes in Newly Diagnosed HIV-1 Infections in Switzerland

Cited by 39 publications

References 18 publications

Non-B HIV Type 1 Subtypes among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Rome, Italy

Non-B HIV Type 1 Subtypes among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Rome, Italy

Performance of Three Commercial Viral Load Assays, Versant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA bDNA v3.0, Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1, and NucliSens HIV-1 EasyQ v1.2, Testing HIV-1 Non-B Subtypes and Recombinant Variants

Resistance-Associated Mutations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Protease Gene from Treated and Untreated Patients in the United Kingdom

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