“…A leading choice is the light emitting diode (LED), which emits the radiation generated by injected electrons and holes from the surface as in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, except that without an optical cavity to provide feedback there is no coherence or gain threshold. Numerous mid-IR LEDs have been reported, [11][12][13] including LED arrays, [14][15][16] and packaged commercial devices have been available for the past decade. It has also been demonstrated that one can enhance the slope efficiency by cascading multiple active stages in series, 17,18 as in a quantum or interband cascade laser.…”