High-Efficiency Rubidium-Incorporated Perovskite Solar Cells by Gas Quenching

Zhang, Meng; Yun, Jae Sung; Ma, Qingshan; Zheng, Jianghui; Lau, Cho Fai Jonathan; Deng, Xinyang; Kim, Jin-Cheol; Kim, Dohyung; Seidel, Jan; Green, Martin A.; Huang, Shujuan; Ho‐Baillie, Anita

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00697

Cited by 256 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This finding challenges previous reports on rubidium incorporation into the perovskite lattice which were based on shifts observed in pXRD diffractograms and PL spectra. 14,17,18 A very recent work by Hu et al explains these shifts using EDX in terms of rubidium-induced bromide extraction, which is in excellent agreement with our findings described in the next paragraph. 44 Similarly to the Cs-doped HOPs, Rb-doped materials also exhibit improved long-term stability under high humidity conditions and light irradiation.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)_x(FA)_1–xPbI₃ Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

Kubicki¹,

Prochowicz

Hofstetter³

et al. 2017

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

325

439

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Hybrid (organic–inorganic) multication lead halide perovskites hold promise for a new generation of easily processable solar cells. Best performing compositions to date are multiple-cation solid alloys of formamidinium (FA), methylammonium (MA), cesium, and rubidium lead halides which provide power conversion efficiencies up to around 22%. Here, we elucidate the atomic-level nature of Cs and Rb incorporation into the perovskite lattice of FA-based materials. We use 133Cs, 87Rb, 39K, 13C, and 14N solid-state MAS NMR to probe microscopic composition of Cs-, Rb-, K-, MA-, and FA-containing phases in double-, triple-, and quadruple-cation lead halides in bulk and in a thin film. Contrary to previous reports, we have found no proof of Rb or K incorporation into the 3D perovskite lattice in these systems. We also show that the structure of bulk mechanochemical perovskites bears close resemblance to that of thin films, making them a good benchmark for structural studies. These findings provide fundamental understanding of previously reported excellent photovoltaic parameters in these systems and their superior stability.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)_x(FA)_1–xPbI₃ Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

Kubicki¹,

Prochowicz

Hofstetter³

et al. 2017

J. Am. Chem. Soc.

325

439

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“…The microscope can then also be used to obtain information about the surface electronic properties of the material. the mesoporous TiO 2 scaffold, [20,22] providing important information to guide the optimization of the fabrication process of perovskite solar cells. [9c,14b,15] In TEM, structural information can be obtained down to the atomic scale using imaging and/or diffraction techniques, which can be obtained and correlated from the same volume of specimen.…”

Section: Popular Techniques Used For Microstructure Characterizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural Characterisations of Perovskite Solar Cells – From Grains to Interfaces: Techniques, Features, and Challenges

Rothmann

Etheridge

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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group of crystals that all share the same type of crystal structure based on CaTiO 3 , namely ABX 3 , with A cations, such as methylammonium (CH 3 NH 2 + ), formamidinium (CH(NH 2 ) 2 + ), and cesium (Cs + ); B cations such as tin (Sn 2+ ) and lead (Pb 2+ ); and halides, such as iodide (I − ), bromide (Br − ), and chloride (Cl − ), as the X anion. Since the first report of a solar cell using a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite by Miyasaka et al. in 2009, the solar cells' efficiency has rapidly increased from 3.8% [2] to over 22.1% [3] certified for laboratoryscale devices. This rapid increase is due in part to intense efforts to develop novel device architectures that are energetically favorable for charge generation and extraction, coupled with basic studies detailing the intrinsic properties of the photoactive perovskite materials. [4] However, this record efficiency is still well below the theoretical limit of ≈31% for a singlejunction photovoltaic device. [5] Significant improvements in processing technologies are needed, which in turn require a detailed understanding of microstructures, interface structures, and overall architectures of the solar cell device."Microstructure", the fine structure of a material from the micrometer to the atomic scale, plays an important role in determining the performance of many types of solar cells in use and under development today. In single crystal photoactive materials like silicon, the intragrain defects, such as stacking faults and dislocations, attract significant research interest since these intragrain defects tend to be decorated by impurities, causing higher recombinative losses in these areas. [6] In polycrystalline materials, such as CdTe, grain boundaries have been found to be a limiting factor in solar cell performance due to an enhanced recombination at the grain boundaries. [7] Modification of the grain boundaries by chlorine can assist electron-hole pair separation and positively contribute to carrier collection efficiency. [7,8] Clearly, detailed knowledge of the microstructures in conventional solar cell materials has played a significant role in understanding and improving the underlying processes that govern overall solar cell performance. Further improvements in power conversion efficiency beyond the current record of 22.1%, as well as improved performance stability of perovskite solar cells, are therefore anticipated through in-depth characterization and understanding of their microstructures.Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells form a new type of thin film photovoltaic technology, which has achieved extraordinary improvements in power conversion efficiency in a relatively short time. To further improve the efficiency and stability of the perovskite solar cells, it is critical to understand and control the microstructure of both the functional materials and their interfaces. Much effort has already been made to understand the microstructure of perovskite solar cells and its influence on their performance. This has proved particularly cha...

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“…State of the art PSCs have been fabricated by solution deposition of the perovskite absorber either in a single step or in sequential steps. Although a single‐step deposition of perovskite precursors in a solution is relatively straight forward, measures such as the use of antisolvent, or gas quenching, are still required to facilitate better control film coverage. These techniques have been reported to be effective in slowing down the crystallization process and inducing denser nucleation sites thereby producing dense highly crystallized perovskite films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of a Dynamic Two‐Step Solution Process on Film Formation of Cs_0.15(MA_0.7FA_0.3)_0.85PbI₃ Perovskite and Solar Cell Performance

Bing

Kim

Zhang

et al. 2019

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This paper provides deep understanding of the formation mechanism of perovskite film fabricated by sequential solution‐based methods. It compares two sequential spin‐coating methods for Cs0.15(MA0.7FA0.3)0.85PbI3 perovskite. First is the “static process,” with a stoppage between the two spin‐coating steps (1st PbI2‐CsI‐dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and 2nd methylammonium iodide (MAI)‐formamidinium iodide (FAI)‐isopropyl alcohol). Second is the “dynamic process,” where the 2nd precursor is dispensed while the substrate is still spinning from the 1st step. For the first time, such a dynamic process is used for Cs0.15(MA0.7FA0.3)0.85PbI3 perovskite. Characterizations reveal improved film formation with the dynamic process due to the “retainment” of DMSO‐complex necessary for the intermediate phase which i) promotes intercalation between precursors and ii) slows down perovskite crystallization for full conversion. The comparison on as‐deposited perovskite before annealing indicates a more ordered film using this dynamic process. This results in a thicker, more uniform film with higher degree of preferred crystal orientation and higher carrier lifetime after annealing. Therefore, dynamic‐processed devices present better performance repeatability, achieving a higher average efficiency of 17.0% compared to static ones (15.0%). The new insights provided by this work are important for perovskite solar cells processed sequentially as the process has greater flexibility in resolving solvent incompatibility, allowing separate optimizations and allowing different deposition methods.

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High-Efficiency Rubidium-Incorporated Perovskite Solar Cells by Gas Quenching

Cited by 256 publications

References 36 publications

Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)_x(FA)_1–xPbI₃ Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)_x(FA)_1–xPbI₃ Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

Microstructural Characterisations of Perovskite Solar Cells – From Grains to Interfaces: Techniques, Features, and Challenges

The Impact of a Dynamic Two‐Step Solution Process on Film Formation of Cs_0.15(MA_0.7FA_0.3)_0.85PbI₃ Perovskite and Solar Cell Performance

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High-Efficiency Rubidium-Incorporated Perovskite Solar Cells by Gas Quenching

Cited by 256 publications

References 36 publications

Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)x(FA)1–xPbI3 Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)x(FA)1–xPbI3 Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

Microstructural Characterisations of Perovskite Solar Cells – From Grains to Interfaces: Techniques, Features, and Challenges

The Impact of a Dynamic Two‐Step Solution Process on Film Formation of Cs0.15(MA0.7FA0.3)0.85PbI3 Perovskite and Solar Cell Performance

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Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)_x(FA)_1–xPbI₃ Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

Phase Segregation in Cs-, Rb- and K-Doped Mixed-Cation (MA)_x(FA)_1–xPbI₃ Hybrid Perovskites from Solid-State NMR

The Impact of a Dynamic Two‐Step Solution Process on Film Formation of Cs_0.15(MA_0.7FA_0.3)_0.85PbI₃ Perovskite and Solar Cell Performance