High diffusivity pathways govern massively enhanced oxidation during tribological sliding

Rau, Julia S.; Balachandran, Shanoob; Schneider, Reinhard; Gumbsch, Peter; Gault, Baptiste; Greiner, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117353

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Diffusion processes were found to be the key reason for this acceleration at room temperature. [ 3,14 ] Do such processes also appear at higher temperatures? Important parameters for diffusion can be determined by the Arrhenius equation for the diffusion coefficient D ( T )

D false(T false) = D_{0} e^{- \frac{E_{A}}{R T}}

with the temperature independent diffusional constant D 0 , activation energy E A , universal gas constant R , and absolute temperature T .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier investigations found grain/phase boundaries and dislocation pipes as important pathways for diffusion under tribological loading at room temperature. [ 14 ] Do the profiles in Figure 3 reveal some of these pathways? For investigating the presence of grain boundary and pipe diffusion, the following analysis was performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study found that tribo‐oxidation under mild tribological loading might be rate‐limited by the dissociation of oxygen at the oxide/air interface for mild sliding at room temperature. [ 14 ] Following this concept, dissociation rate constants for oxygen are known to increase with increasing temperatures. [ 48 ] Hence, higher temperatures not only lead to easier diffusion along the above‐described pathways, but also a higher availability of dissociated oxygen at the surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies showed the accumulation of pores with increasing oxide thickness and eventually formation of cracks. [ 14 ] Such cracks can spall off material from the surface and ultimately lead to wear particles. [ 14 ] Although the Kirkendall effect was already observed at room temperature, the temperature variation here reveals the high‐diffusivity pathways as principal underlying mechanism of this effect and as temperature independent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three Regimes in the Tribo‐Oxidation of High Purity Copper at Temperatures of up to 150 °C

et al. 2022

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Surface oxidation of high‐purity copper is accelerated under tribological loading. Tribo‐oxide formation at room temperature is associated with diffusion processes along defects, such as dislocations or grain boundaries. Herein, the additional influence of temperature on the tribo‐oxidation of copper is investigated. Dry, reciprocating sliding tests are performed with a variation of the sample temperature between 21 and 150 °C. Microstructural changes are monitored and analyzed with state‐of‐the‐art electron microscopy techniques. Oxide layer formation through thermal oxidation is observed for 150 °C, but not for lower temperatures. As the temperature increases from room temperature up to 100 °C, a significantly stronger tribo‐oxidation into deeper material layers and an increase in the amount of formed pores and oxides is detected. Up to 75 °C, diffusional processes of oxygen along grain boundaries and dislocation pipes are identified. Starting at 100 °C, CuO is detected. Hence, tribological loading significantly alters the CuO formation in comparison with static oxidation. Along with the CuO formation at temperatures ≥90 °C, the oxide layer thickness decreases while the friction coefficient increases. The observations broaden the understanding of the elementary mechanisms of tribo‐oxidation in copper. Eventually, this will allow to systematically customize surfaces showing tribo‐oxidation for specific tribological applications.

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D false(T false) = D_{0} e^{- \frac{E_{A}}{R T}}

with the temperature independent diffusional constant D 0 , activation energy E A , universal gas constant R , and absolute temperature T .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three Regimes in the Tribo‐Oxidation of High Purity Copper at Temperatures of up to 150 °C

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“…In essence, a tribological system features two forces controlling the microstructural evolution: first, the normal force, which can be easily adjusted and second, the friction force, which is a function of the tribological system itself. Further parameters determining the deformation layer are cycle number [4,13,14], sliding velocity [15,16], temperature [16] and ambient environment [17].…”

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dislocation-mediated and twinning-induced plasticity of CoCrFeMnNi in varying tribological loading scenarios

et al. 2022

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Coarse-grained, metallic materials undergo microstructure refinement during tribological loading. This in turn results in changing tribological properties, so the microstructural evolution is a parameter which should not be underestimated while designing tribological systems. Single-trace experiments were conducted to understand the initiation of deformation mechanisms acting in various tribological systems. The main scope of this work was to investigate the influence of normal and friction forces as well as crystal orientations on the dominating deformation mechanism in a face-centred cubic concentrated solid solution. While varying the normal force is easily realised, varying friction forces were achieved by using several counter body materials paired against CoCrFeMnNi. The subsurface deformation layer was either mediated through dislocation slip or twinning, depending on the grain orientation and on the tribological system. A layer dominated by dislocation-based deformation is characterised by lattice rotation, the formation of a dislocation trace line or subgrain formation. Such behaviour is observed for tribological systems with a low friction coefficient. For systems dominated by deformation twinning, three types of twin appearance were observed: small twins interacting with the surface, large twins and grains with two active twin systems. Two different twinning mechanisms are discussed as responsible for these characteristics. Graphical abstract

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Metal matrix nanocomposites in tribology: Manufacturing, performance, and mechanisms

et al. 2022

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Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) become irreplaceable in tribology industries, due to their supreme mechanical properties and satisfactory tribological behavior. However, due to the dual complexity of MMNC systems and tribological process, the anti-friction and anti-wear mechanisms are unclear, and the subsequent tribological performance prediction and design of MMNCs are not easily possible: A critical up-to-date review is needed for MMNCs in tribology. This review systematically summarized the fabrication, manufacturing, and processing techniques for high-quality MMNC bulk and surface coating materials in tribology. Then, important factors determining the tribological performance (mainly anti-friction evaluation by the coefficient of friction (CoF) and anti-wear assessment with wear rate) in MMNCs have been investigated thoroughly, and the correlations have been analyzed to reveal their potential coupling/synergetic roles of tuning tribological behavior of MMNCs. Most importantly, this review combined the classical metal/alloy friction and wear theories and adapted them to give a (semi-)quantitative description of the detailed mechanisms of improved anti-friction and anti-wear performance in MMNCs. To guarantee the universal applications of these mechanisms, their links with the analyzed influencing factors (e.g., loading forces) and characteristic features like tribo-film have been clarified. This approach forms a solid basis for understanding, predicting, and engineering MMNCs’ tribological behavior, instead of pure phenomenology and experimental observation. Later, the pathway to achieve a broader application for MMNCs in tribo-related fields like smart materials, biomedical devices, energy storage, and electronics has been concisely discussed, with the focus on the potential development of modeling, experimental, and theoretical techniques in MMNCs’ tribological processes. In general, this review tries to elucidate the complex tribo-performances of MMNCs in a fundamentally universal yet straightforward way, and the discussion and summary in this review for the tribological performance in MMNCs could become a useful supplementary to and an insightful guidance for the current MMNC tribology study, research, and engineering innovations.

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High diffusivity pathways govern massively enhanced oxidation during tribological sliding

Cited by 11 publications

References 54 publications

Three Regimes in the Tribo‐Oxidation of High Purity Copper at Temperatures of up to 150 °C

Three Regimes in the Tribo‐Oxidation of High Purity Copper at Temperatures of up to 150 °C

Dislocation-mediated and twinning-induced plasticity of CoCrFeMnNi in varying tribological loading scenarios

Metal matrix nanocomposites in tribology: Manufacturing, performance, and mechanisms

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