High Density Lipoprotein: Assembly, Structure, Cargo, and Functions

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. For close to four decades, we have known that high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are inversely correlated with the risk of CVD. HDL is a complex particle that consists of proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol and has the ability to carry micro-RNAs. HDL is constantly undergoing remodelling throughout its life-span and carries out many functions. This review summarizes many of the different aspects of HDL from its assembly, the receptors it interacts with, along with the functions it performs and how it can be altered in disease. While HDL is a key cholesterol efflux particle, this review highlights the many other important functions of HDL in the innate immune system and details the potential therapeutic uses of HDL outside of CVD.

Biological recognition of graphene nanoflakes

“…HDL is a complex of small lipoproteins containing an outer-shell layer of phospholipids, free cholesterol stabilized by apolipoproteins (apoA-I for the 70%), and a hydrophobic lipid core of cholesterol esters and triglycerides 51 , 52 , and plays a major role not only in the lipid metabolism (cholesterol efflux) but also in the innate immunity 53 . Therefore, this result is even more interesting, considering the reported affinity between graphene (and GO) surface and lipids.…”

Mango phenolics increase the serum apolipoprotein A1/B ratio in rats fed high cholesterol and sodium cholate diets

“…The HCC, HCC + MF and HCC + FDM groups showed no statistical differences in these variables, and their values were intermediate to the control and HCC + MP groups. APOA1 has been classically considered the main structural and functional HDL‐related apolipoprotein, with a particular role on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and innate immunity . Accumulated evidence suggests that the size and composition of HDL particles is not as rigid as previously assumed.…”

“…APOA1 has been classically considered the main structural and functional HDL-related apolipoprotein, with a particular role on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) 52 and innate immunity. 53 Accumulated evidence suggests that the size and composition of HDL particles is not as rigid as previously assumed. For example, there is a wide range of HDL particle sizes with different APOA1-to-lipid ratios (cholesteryl esters, TAGs, phospholipids) and certain HDL populations that lack APOA1 and, instead, contain APOE.…”

High yield of recombinant human Apolipoprotein A‐I expressed in Pichia pastoris by using mixed‐mode chromatography

“…The first crystal structure of ApoA1 suggested a horseshoe‐like shape composed almost entirely of an amphipathic α‐helix that is punctuated by kinks at regular intervals introduced by proline residues . This amphipathic α‐helix enables it to bind lipids and cholesterol through its hydrophobic face and the aqueous exterior with its polar face . This structure was later confirmed by a subsequent study revealing additional details.…”