“…Additional opportunities for improving visualization during interventional procedures include blood flow imaging with a steered single‐element transducer and compounding in combination with the presented intensity‐based approach to enhance the visualization of the lumen. We recently demonstrated that adaptive blood flow imaging in rotational IVUS is helpful for detecting small, low‐contrast channels that are not seen in B‐mode imaging 91,92 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We recently demonstrated that adaptive blood flow imaging in rotational IVUS is helpful for detecting small,low-contrast channels that are not seen in B-mode imaging. 91,92 Additionally, this work relied heavily on Field II to generate training data. While the results were promising in both phantoms and ex vivo vessels, it is possible that performance could be improved using a domain adaptation technique.…”
Background
Approximately 500 000 patients present with critical limb ischemia (CLI) each year in the U.S., requiring revascularization to avoid amputation. While peripheral arteries can be revascularized via minimally invasive procedures, 25% of cases with chronic total occlusions are unsuccessful due to inability to route the guidewire beyond the proximal occlusion. Improvements to guidewire navigation would lead to limb salvage in a greater number of patients.
Purpose
Integrating ultrasound imaging into the guidewire could enable direct visualization of routes for guidewire advancement. In order to navigate a robotically‐steerable guidewire with integrated imaging beyond a chronic occlusion proximal to the symptomatic lesion for revascularization, acquired ultrasound images must be segmented to visualize the path for guidewire advancement.
Methods
The first approach for automated segmentation of viable paths through occlusions in peripheral arteries is demonstrated in simulations and experimentally‐acquired data with a forward‐viewing, robotically‐steered guidewire imaging system. B‐mode ultrasound images formed via synthetic aperture focusing (SAF) were segmented using a supervised approach (U‐net architecture). A total of 2500 simulated images were used to train the classifier to distinguish the vessel wall and occlusion from viable paths for guidewire advancement. First, the size of the synthetic aperture resulting in the highest classification performance was determined in simulations (90 test images) and compared with traditional classifiers (global thresholding, local adaptive thresholding, and hierarchical classification). Next, classification performance as a function of the diameter of the remaining lumen (0.5 to 1.5 mm) in the partially‐occluded artery was tested using both simulated (60 test images at each of 7 diameters) and experimental data sets. Experimental test data sets were acquired in four 3D‐printed phantoms from human anatomy and six ex vivo porcine arteries. Accuracy of classifying the path through the artery was evaluated using microcomputed tomography of phantoms and ex vivo arteries as a ground truth for comparison.
Results
An aperture size of 3.8 mm resulted in the best‐performing classification based on sensitivity and Jaccard index, with a significant increase in Jaccard index (p < 0.05) as aperture diameter increased. In comparing the performance of the supervised classifier and traditional classification strategies with simulated test data, sensitivity and F1 score for U‐net were 0.95 ± 0.02 and 0.96 ± 0.01, respectively, compared to 0.83 ± 0.03 and 0.41 ± 0.13 for the best‐performing conventional approach, hierarchical classification. In simulated test images, sensitivity (p < 0.05) and Jaccard index both increased with increasing artery diameter (p < 0.05). Classification of images acquired in artery phantoms with remaining lumen diameters ≥ 0.75 mm resulted in accuracies > 90%, while mean accuracy decreased to 82% when artery diameter decreased to 0.5 mm. For testing i...
“…Additional opportunities for improving visualization during interventional procedures include blood flow imaging with a steered single‐element transducer and compounding in combination with the presented intensity‐based approach to enhance the visualization of the lumen. We recently demonstrated that adaptive blood flow imaging in rotational IVUS is helpful for detecting small, low‐contrast channels that are not seen in B‐mode imaging 91,92 …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We recently demonstrated that adaptive blood flow imaging in rotational IVUS is helpful for detecting small,low-contrast channels that are not seen in B-mode imaging. 91,92 Additionally, this work relied heavily on Field II to generate training data. While the results were promising in both phantoms and ex vivo vessels, it is possible that performance could be improved using a domain adaptation technique.…”
Background
Approximately 500 000 patients present with critical limb ischemia (CLI) each year in the U.S., requiring revascularization to avoid amputation. While peripheral arteries can be revascularized via minimally invasive procedures, 25% of cases with chronic total occlusions are unsuccessful due to inability to route the guidewire beyond the proximal occlusion. Improvements to guidewire navigation would lead to limb salvage in a greater number of patients.
Purpose
Integrating ultrasound imaging into the guidewire could enable direct visualization of routes for guidewire advancement. In order to navigate a robotically‐steerable guidewire with integrated imaging beyond a chronic occlusion proximal to the symptomatic lesion for revascularization, acquired ultrasound images must be segmented to visualize the path for guidewire advancement.
Methods
The first approach for automated segmentation of viable paths through occlusions in peripheral arteries is demonstrated in simulations and experimentally‐acquired data with a forward‐viewing, robotically‐steered guidewire imaging system. B‐mode ultrasound images formed via synthetic aperture focusing (SAF) were segmented using a supervised approach (U‐net architecture). A total of 2500 simulated images were used to train the classifier to distinguish the vessel wall and occlusion from viable paths for guidewire advancement. First, the size of the synthetic aperture resulting in the highest classification performance was determined in simulations (90 test images) and compared with traditional classifiers (global thresholding, local adaptive thresholding, and hierarchical classification). Next, classification performance as a function of the diameter of the remaining lumen (0.5 to 1.5 mm) in the partially‐occluded artery was tested using both simulated (60 test images at each of 7 diameters) and experimental data sets. Experimental test data sets were acquired in four 3D‐printed phantoms from human anatomy and six ex vivo porcine arteries. Accuracy of classifying the path through the artery was evaluated using microcomputed tomography of phantoms and ex vivo arteries as a ground truth for comparison.
Results
An aperture size of 3.8 mm resulted in the best‐performing classification based on sensitivity and Jaccard index, with a significant increase in Jaccard index (p < 0.05) as aperture diameter increased. In comparing the performance of the supervised classifier and traditional classification strategies with simulated test data, sensitivity and F1 score for U‐net were 0.95 ± 0.02 and 0.96 ± 0.01, respectively, compared to 0.83 ± 0.03 and 0.41 ± 0.13 for the best‐performing conventional approach, hierarchical classification. In simulated test images, sensitivity (p < 0.05) and Jaccard index both increased with increasing artery diameter (p < 0.05). Classification of images acquired in artery phantoms with remaining lumen diameters ≥ 0.75 mm resulted in accuracies > 90%, while mean accuracy decreased to 82% when artery diameter decreased to 0.5 mm. For testing i...
“…SVD has been widely used in medical ultrasound, especially in the field of blood flow imaging. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] When SVD is used to identify artifacts or blood flow components from the acquired signal, [37][38][39] the spatial information of the signal and the temporal information in the frame direction are separated. In the present study, because the purpose is to improve the axial resolution of medical ultrasound images, only the information of the signal in the beam (depth) direction for a single frame is used for SVD.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) has been widely used in medical ultrasound, for example, to reduce artifacts 37) and to identify blood flow components. 38,39) However, the determination of the truncated order of singular values remains a difficult challenge. Various methods have been proposed to determine the truncated order depending on the purpose of using TSVD; the L-curve method 40,41) and the generalized cross-validation method 42) are commonly known as the properties of Tikhonov's regularized solution and have been widely used not only in the ultrasonic field.…”
Improving spatial resolution is a crucial issue in medical ultrasound. One of the improving methods is the post-processing of the received ultrasound RF signal. In the present paper, we propose a design method for a noise-robust broadband filter based on the singular value decomposition of the received RF signal. To design a noise-robust filter, we propose a logical method to determine the optimal truncated order of singular values, which was validated by applying the filter to noise-contaminated signals. Furthermore, the proposed filter applied to the wire phantom resulted in a better axial resolution than that obtained without the filter and with our previously designed Wiener filter.
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