High conjugated linoleic acid enriched ghee (clarified butter) increases the antioxidant and antiatherogenic potency in female Wistar rats

Abstract

BackgroundHypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress are the main stimulating factors responsible for coronary artery disease and progression of atherosclerosis. Dairy food products are rich in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) which is considered as an important component due to its potential health benefits such as anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetic and antiadipogenic properties. In the present study, the effect of CLA enriched ghee on the antioxidant enzyme system and antiatherogenic properties in Wistar rats has been studied.MethodsFemale Wistar rats of 21 days were taken for the study and fed with soybean diet (Control diet), low CLA diet and high CLA ghee diet (treatments) for thirty five days for studying antioxidative enzymes and sixteen weeks in case of antiatherogenic studies.ResultsFeeding of high CLA enhanced ghee during pubescent period in rats lead to an increase in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities in blood and increased CAT, SOD and glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes activities in liver by 27, 130 and 168 percent, respectively. Plasma nitrate concentration and Haemoglobin levels remained the same in all the treatments. Feeding of high CLA ghee resulted in lower (P < 0.01) plasma cholesterol & triglyceride level (52.17 and 30.27%), and higher high density lipoproteins (33.26%) than feeding of soybean oil (control group) and thus manifested in decreased (P < 0.05) atherogenic index (from 0.472 to 0.244). Lesser cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed in the liver and aorta of high CLA fed rats than in those of the other groups. Histopathological studies of liver showed normal hepatic cords with portal triad in the high CLA ghee fed rats whereas fatty degeneration of hepatocytes containing fat vacuoles was observed in the liver of the other groups.ConclusionThis paper is the first report of the antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties of the high CLA enriched ghee suggesting that high CLA ghee can be used as a potential food for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in India, where, ghee is widely used for culinary and medicinal purposes.

Conjugated linoleic acid isomers strongly improve the redox status of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV1)

“…In this study, CLA ability to elicit cytoprotective effects (enhancement of cellular GSH and NADPH availability, and γGCL activity) was shown for the first time in bovine mammary gland, and this is in agreement with literature data showing the antioxidant potential property of CLA (Jang et al, 2004;Fagali and Catalá, 2008;Chinnadurai et al, 2013). Similar results were obtained also by Arab et al (2006) in an in vitro study using human skin fibroblasts treated with 8 different FA, including c9,t11 CLA.…”

“…Hence, enhancing SOD, GPx1, and GST activity the CLA treatment may offer higher protection to the cells against oxidants. Similar results were reported by in vivo studies on laboratory animals fed with CLA at high levels (Ip et al, 1991;Santos Zago et al, 2007;Chinnadurai et al, 2013). Those studies showed that administration of CLA to the diet of rats increased catalase, SOD, and GST enzyme activities, which finally led to an improvement in the antioxidative process.…”

“…To date, no information is available concerning the relationship between administration of CLA isomers and changes in oxidative status of the bovine mammary gland. Some studies have shown the protective effects of CLA isomers (mainly cis-9,trans-11 CLA) against oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in animal models (Andreoli et al, 2010;Chinnadurai et al, 2013). On the other hand, adverse effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA regarding increased susceptibility to lipid autoxidation and enhancing FA oxidation have also been reported in 3T3-L1 cells and in animal models (Da Silva Marineli et al, 2012;den Hartigh et al, 2013).…”

Ájurvéda az elhízás kezelésében

“…Készítésekor a vajat melegítik, felforralják, a felső habréteget leszedve a maradék fehérje-és zsírrétegből több órán át tartó melegítéssel alakul ki a ghi [3]. Patkányokkal végzett kísérletek igazolták, hogy a ghivel adott konjugált linolsav jobban csökkenti a szé-rumban az összkoleszterinszintet, a szérumtriglicerid-szintet és növeli a HDL-koleszterin-szintet, mint a szó-jababolajjal kiegészített diéta, valamint növeli a májban lévő kataláz és szuperoxid-dizmutáz enzimek aktivitását [4].…”

A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Bioactive Compounds in Cardiovascular Disease: Carbohydrates, Active Lipids and Nitrogen Compounds

“…Dairy food products are rich in CLA, which is considered an important component due to its potential health benefits such as anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic, antidiabetic and anti-adipogenic properties [9]. Additionally, the terpenes compounds are constituted by monoterpenes, which are naturally occurring isoprenoids found in the essential oils of citrus fruits, cherries, mint, and herbs [10].…”