High carbohydrate intake increases risk of coronary heart disease in adults: a prospective cohort study

Abstract

Background<br />Coronary heart disease (CHD) ranks second after diabetes mellitus (DM) based on hazard rate, and after stroke (based on number of deaths caused). Our aim was to determine the risk factor and magnitude of CHD among adults. <br /><br />Methods <br />A cohort study on risk factors of non-communicable diseases (CS-RFNCD) was conducted on subjects aged ≥25 years. Initiated by screening, follow-up (FU) was done 3 times yearly and complete health examination every 2 years. CHD cases screened by electrocardiographic examination on subjects aged ≥40 years and <40 years with history of hypertension and/or heart disease. Screening results found 840 of 5690 subjects with CHD diagnosis who were excluded from cohort study sample. Non-CHD subjects and those aged <40 years without a history of hypertension and/or heart disease, totalling 4840 people, were included in study sample and followed up for 6 years. Data were analyzed using Cox regression.<br /><br />Results<br />Carbohydrate intake of ≥60% of total energy had a 2.8-fold higher CHD risk [HR=2.790; 95% CI: 1.962 - 3.967; p=0.000] than that of an intake of <60% of total energy. Age of ≥55 years had 2.6-fold higher CHD risk [HR=2.573; 95% CI: 1.803 - 3.671; p=0.000] than age of <55 years. Blood total cholesterol of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">≥</span>200 mg/dL had 1.9-fold higher CHD risk [HR=1.893; 95% CI: 1.319 - 2.715; p=0.001] than that of <200 mg/dL.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />Higher intake of carbohydrate increases CHD incidence among adults. Efforts in controlling CHD risk factors are still needed especially in consumption behavior through a family approach.

Faktor Gaya Hidup Dan Penyakit Jantung Koroner: Review Sistematik Pada Orang Dewasa Di Indonesia

“…Hal tersebut sesuai dengan penelitian yang dilakukan di salah satu wilayah Indonesia, yaitu Banda Aceh, yang melaporkan bahwa terdapat hubungan pola makan tidak sehat dengan kejadian PJK dengan nilai OR = 1,92 (P= 0,001 ; 95% CI=1,29-2,86) 10 . Asupan karbohidrat lebih dari 60% dari total energi memiliki risiko kejadian PJK 2,8 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan asupan <60% dari total energi 11 . Pasien rawat jalan PJK di RSUD Kota Mataram menunjukkan rata-rata asupan karbohidrat sebesar 79,9% yang termasuk ke dalam kategori diatas kebutuhan.…”

Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh, Lingkar Perut, Tekanan Darah, Dan Profil Lipid Dengan Kejadian Penyakit Jantung Koroner: Analisis Data Studi Faktor Risiko Penyakit Tidak Menular Di Kota Bogor [The Relationship of the Body Mass Index... In Bogor City]

“…Sedangkan menurut jumlah kasus kematian, PJK menempati urutan kedua setelah strok dengan umur termuda 31 tahun 6 . Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa faktor determinan PJK adalah strok, hipertensi, hiperglikemia, total kolesterol, konsumsi karbohidrat, dan kelompok umur 7,8 . Sementara determinan PJK pada perempuan adalah lingkar perut dan trigliserida 9 .…”

Carbohydrate Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

“…Recently, there has been a growing body of research investigating the association between carbohydrate intake and CVD risk, with some studies suggesting a significant relationship between high-carbohydrate intake and increased CVD risk in Asian populations [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. However, studies conducted in non-Asian countries have reported mixed results [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], suggesting that the impact of carbohydrate intake on CVD risk may differ depending on the different dietary habits and carbohydrate intake range.…”