High capacity, reversible alloying reactions in SnSb/C nanocomposites for Na-ion battery applications

Xiao, Ling; Cao, Yuliang; Xiao, Jie; Wang, Wei; Kovařík, Libor; Nie, Zimin; Li, Jun

doi:10.1039/c2cc17129e

Cited by 576 publications

(518 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Both parameters are crucial for a practical application. As far as we know, P2-Na 0.66 [Li 0.22 [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] .…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most of the capacity is located at the voltage below 0.1 V, which is too close to the sodium plating voltage, causing potential safety concerns, especially at fast charging rates or overcharging. Several oxides such as Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 and alloys (Sn or Sb) have shown high storage capacity 30,[33][34][35] , but would not be suitable for long-life batteries owing to the large volume change during sodium insertion and extraction 39 , which is undesirable to the structural stability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A typical example of zero-strain 25,26 O 12 , the volume change between them isB0.2%), which has been demonstrated for thousands of cycles in lithium-ion batteries 27 , indeed showing the advantage of using zero-strain material for long-term stable cycling. So far to the best of our knowledge, no zero-strain negative electrode material is available for sodium-ion batteries although a few types of negative electrode materials have been reported to be active in sodium-ion batteries [9][10][11][12][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] . Among the available negative electrode materials, hard carbon shows the best overall storage performance in terms of high storage capacity and good cycling.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A zero-strain layered metal oxide as the negative electrode for long-life sodium-ion batteries

et al. 2013

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Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries have shown great promise in large-scale energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the abundant sodium resources and low cost. Although many interesting positive electrode materials with acceptable performance have been proposed, suitable negative electrode materials have not been identified and their development is quite challenging. Here we introduce a layered material, P2-Na 0.66 [Li 0.22 Ti 0.78 ]O 2 , as the negative electrode, which exhibits only B0.77% volume change during sodium insertion/extraction. The zero-strain characteristics ensure a potentially long cycle life. The electrode material also exhibits an average storage voltage of 0.75 V, a practical usable capacity of ca. 100 mAh g À 1 , and an apparent Na þ diffusion coefficient of 1 Â 10 À 10 cm À 2 s À 1 as well as the best cyclability for a negative electrode material in a half-cell reported to date. This contribution demonstrates that P2-Na 0.66 [Li 0.22 Ti 0.78 ]O 2 is a promising negative electrode material for the development of rechargeable long-life sodium-ion batteries.

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“…Both parameters are crucial for a practical application. As far as we know, P2-Na 0.66 [Li 0.22 [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] .…”

Section: Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A zero-strain layered metal oxide as the negative electrode for long-life sodium-ion batteries

et al. 2013

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“…During the discharge and charge process, Na ions reversibly react with SnO 2 to form Na x Sn and Na 2 O: 18,19,[24][25][26] (4 + x)Na + + SnO 2 + (4 + x)e À 2 Na x Sn + 2Na 2 O…”

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confidence: 99%

SnO2@graphene nanocomposites as anode materials for Na-ion batteries with superior electrochemical performance

2013

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An in situ hydrothermal synthesis approach has been developed to prepare SnO 2 @graphene nanocomposites. The nanocomposites exhibited a high reversible sodium storage capacity of above 700 mA h g À1 and excellent cyclability for Na-ion batteries. In particular, they also demonstrated a good high rate capability for reversible sodium storage.Na-ion batteries are considered to be an alternative to Li-ion batteries owing to the natural abundance of sodium. 1 They have emerged as an attractive electrochemical power source for large-scale electrical energy storage (EES). [2][3][4][5] The Na ion has a larger ionic radius than that of the Li ion, making it more difficult to identify suitable electrode materials for Na-ion batteries. Electrode materials with an open framework are required for facile Na ion insertion/extraction. Following this strategy, many breakthroughs in cathode materials have been achieved, such as layered transition metal oxides, 6-9 threedimensional Na 0.44 MnO 2 with an S-shaped tunnel, 10,11 and Prussian blue with a new framework. 12 However, the development of suitable anode materials for Na-ion batteries remains a considerable challenge. It was found that hard carbon is a suitable anode material for Na-ion batteries because it has large interlayer distance and disordered structure. 13 However, Dahn et al. reported that the Na-intercalated hard carbon (Na x C) has high reactivity with the non-aqueous electrolyte, 14 raising new concerns about the stability of the electrolyte when used as a carbon based electrode. Alternative oxide anodes such as Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 15 and amorphous TiO 2 -nanotubes 16 have been investigated, but they all show less than 300 mA h g À1 capacities, which is far from meeting the demand of high energy storage. Transition metal oxides also did not achieve satisfactory performance, 17 although they have demonstrated excellent electrochemical properties in Li-ion batteries. Recently, it was found that anodes based on Na alloying reaction can dramatically improve the capacity of sodium storage. 18,19 It was reported that an SnSb-C nanocomposite achieved 544 mA h g À1 capacity, good rate capacity and cyclability for Na-ion storage, 18 and pure micrometric antimony can sustain a capacity close to 600 mA h g À1 at a high rate in Na-ion batteries. 20 SnO 2 can also react with Na based on a reversible Na alloying reaction and generate an Na-Sn alloy, which has potential as anode materials for Na-ion batteries. Based on the reaction 4SnO 2 + 31Na + + 31e À -Na 15 Sn 4 + 8Na 2 O, 18 SnO 2 can deliver a theoretical sodium storage capacity of 1378 mA h g À1 . However, large volume variation occurs during the charge-discharge process, inducing rapid capacity loss. Embedding SnO 2 in carbon matrices can effectively cushion the volume expansion of the SnO 2 electrode. Among various carbon matrices, graphene has several advantages such as superior conductivity, large surface areas, and excellent mechanical strength. Therefore, SnO 2 -graphene nanocomposites could be a high performance anod...

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“…In contrast, very few anode materials were reported to be viable 5,20 . Among the limited number of anode materials 13,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] , hard carbon is the only candidate possessing both high storage capacity and good cycling 13,23 . However, as the sodium storage voltage in hard carbon is relatively low and near zero versus Na þ /Na, this would result in sodium metal deposition on its surface in an improper operation or during fast charging, giving rise to major safety concern.…”

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confidence: 99%

Direct atomic-scale confirmation of three-phase storage mechanism in Li4Ti5O12 anodes for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries

et al. 2013

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Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries attract increasing attention for large-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy and smart grid. However, the development of suitable anode materials remains a challenging issue. Here we demonstrate that the spinel Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , well-known as a 'zero-strain' anode for lithium-ion batteries, can also store sodium, displaying an average storage voltage of 0.91 V. With an appropriate binder, the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 155 mAh g À 1 and presents the best cyclability among all reported oxide-based anode materials. Density functional theory calculations predict a three-phase separation mechanism, 2Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 þ 6Na þ þ 6e À 2Li 7 Ti 5 O 12 þ Na 6 LiTi 5 O 12 , which has been confirmed through in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and advanced scanning transmission electron microscope imaging techniques. The three-phase separation reaction has never been seen in any insertion electrode materials for lithium-or sodium-ion batteries. Furthermore, interfacial structure is clearly resolved at an atomic scale in electrochemically sodiated Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 for the first time via the advanced electron microscopy.

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High capacity, reversible alloying reactions in SnSb/C nanocomposites for Na-ion battery applications

Cited by 576 publications

References 23 publications

A zero-strain layered metal oxide as the negative electrode for long-life sodium-ion batteries

A zero-strain layered metal oxide as the negative electrode for long-life sodium-ion batteries

SnO2@graphene nanocomposites as anode materials for Na-ion batteries with superior electrochemical performance

Direct atomic-scale confirmation of three-phase storage mechanism in Li4Ti5O12 anodes for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries

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