High‐Capacity Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Na-ion batteries are an attractive alternative to Li-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage systems because of their low cost and the abundant Na resources. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of selected anode materials with high reversible capacities that can increase the energy density of Na-ion batteries. Moreover, we discuss the reaction and failure mechanisms of those anode materials with a view to suggesting promising strategies for improving their electrochemical performance.

Is single layer graphene a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries?

“…3, the cells start to show good electrochemical performance in terms of cycling stability as well as coulombic efficiency (≥ 90 %, ≥ 85 % for NaClO 4 in PC electrolyte) after 20 discharge-charge cycles. However, during the initial cycles (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), these electrochemical parameters, particularly the capacity retention, were much lower.…”

“…In these systems, the cost is the overriding issue as they are made up of a great number of batteries, whereas the energy density at the battery unit level is not a critical factor, thus being a realistic option for the application of the SIBs since they usually have lower energy density than their counterparts LIBs. However, as it has been stressed in a recent publication [3], the cost reduction that could be achieved by using SIBs may not be significant in terms of the final energy cost ($/Wh).…”

“…To this end, a variety of electrode materials [1][2][3][4], cathode and anode, and electrolytes [1,2,5,6] for SIBs have been investigated, mainly, in the last two years. The results of the research in the field of cathode materials, several of them obtained by the simple replacement of lithium by sodium in the analogue compound, appear promising with a number of layered transition metal oxides, phosphates and fluorophosphates showing acceptable reversible capacity, stability and relatively high operating potentials [1,4].…”

“…In these systems, the cost is the overriding issue as they are made up of a great number of batteries, whereas the energy density at the battery unit level is not a critical factor, thus being a realistic option for the application of the SIBs since they usually have lower energy density than their counterparts LIBs. However, as it has been stressed in a recent publication [3], the cost reduction that could be achieved by using SIBs may not be significant in terms of the final energy cost ($/Wh). capacity and cycling stability were achieved with some of these carbons, the rate 4 capability and particularly, the low coulombic efficiency during the first charge/discharge cycle due to the relatively large surface area (as compared with graphitic carbons) being the main drawbacks to overcome.…”

Von Lithium‐ zu Natriumionenbatterien: Vorteile, Herausforderungen und Überraschendes

“…Kim et al untersuchten das Sodiierungsverhalten von SnSb-Elektroden und erreichten eine reversible Kapazitätvon etwa 500 mAh g À1 bei mehr als 100 Zyklen. [114] SnSb wird stufenweise sodiiert, wobei die Anfangsreaktion die Bildung von Na 3 Sb und Sn zur Folge hat. Anschließend wird Sn sodiiert, um bei entsprechend niedrigerem Redoxpotential Na 15 Sn 4 zu bilden.…”