“…However, with ultra-short pulses (down to femtoseconds) which can reach a flux sufficient to destroy or irreversibly damage most targets, these methods mostly provide only partial information about the wavefront, such as position, size, shape, intensity or curvature (Chalupsky et al, 2011;Vartanyants et al, 2011;Rutishauser et al, 2012;Loh et al, 2013;Sikorski et al, 2015;Keitel et al, 2016;Daurer et al, 2017). A recent grating-based method can provide real-time wavefront distributions (Schneider et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2018), though away from the focal plane and with a resolution limited by the grating's manufacturing process.…”